University of San Francisco, California, USA.
Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Br J Dev Psychol. 2021 Sep;39(3):424-441. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12372. Epub 2021 Mar 15.
This study examined the role of group norms, group identity, age, contact, and stereotypes on youths' decisions to include a peer in an intergroup context portraying Lebanese and American adolescents. Lebanese participants (N = 275), ages 12 and 16 years, were surveyed about expectations for inclusion of an out-group target with similar interests or an in-group target with different interests into their own Lebanese group or another American group. Findings indicated participants focused on shared interests, rather than national identity, when making inclusion decisions for either group and group norms mattered. Older participants expected American peers to be less inclusive towards an out-group peer. Direct contact predicted inclusivity of out-group American peers into one's own Lebanese group, and indirect media-based contact predicted expectations for inclusivity into an American out-group. Findings have implications for interventions aimed at improving cross-national friendships which, in turn, have the potential to reduce prejudicial attitudes.
本研究考察了群体规范、群体认同、年龄、接触和刻板印象在青少年决定将同伴纳入描述黎巴嫩和美国青少年的群体间情境中的作用。接受调查的黎巴嫩参与者（N=275）年龄在 12 岁至 16 岁之间，他们被问及在将一个具有相似兴趣的外群体目标或一个具有不同兴趣的内群体目标纳入自己的黎巴嫩群体或另一个美国群体时，对包容的期望。研究结果表明，参与者在做出两个群体的包容决策时，更关注共同利益，而不是国家身份，群体规范很重要。年长的参与者期望美国同龄人对外群体的同龄人不太包容。直接接触预测了将外群体的美国同龄人纳入自己的黎巴嫩群体的包容性，而基于媒体的间接接触则预测了对纳入美国外群体的包容性期望。研究结果对旨在改善跨国友谊的干预措施具有启示意义，而跨国友谊反过来又有可能减少偏见态度。
