Hsieh Tsung-Yen, Dhir Karan, Binder William J, Hilger Peter Andrew
Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California.
Facial Plast Surg. 2021 Dec;37(6):741-750. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1725088. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
As the face ages, there is thinning of the epidermis, volume loss and rearrangement of the soft tissues, and malabsorption of the skeletal framework. It is essential to have a thorough understanding of the aging process for successful facial augmentation and rejuvenation. Alloplastic implants can be used to provide a long-lasting solution for augmentation of skeletal deficiencies, restoration of facial irregularities, and rejuvenation of the face. In this study, we describe the ideal implant characteristics along with the advantages and disadvantages of various implant materials. We also present techniques in nasal and premaxillary augmentation, midface augmentation, mandibular augmentation, and lip augmentation. Additionally, computer-aided design and manufacturing as well as bioprinting are emerging technologies with growing applications in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. We discuss their role in the creation of patient-specific custom implants. The overall goal of facial rejuvenation is to address multiple aspects of the facial aging process including deficiencies in the skin, soft tissues, and skeletal framework. The use of alloplastic implants alone or synergistically with additional surgical procedures can restore a wide range of anatomical deficits that occur with age.
随着面部衰老，表皮变薄，软组织体积减少且重新排列，骨骼结构吸收不良。为了成功进行面部填充和年轻化，全面了解衰老过程至关重要。异体植入物可用于为骨骼缺陷的填充、面部不规则的修复以及面部年轻化提供持久的解决方案。在本研究中，我们描述了理想的植入物特性以及各种植入材料的优缺点。我们还介绍了鼻和上颌前填充、中面部填充、下颌填充和唇部填充的技术。此外，计算机辅助设计与制造以及生物打印是在面部整形和重建手术中应用日益广泛的新兴技术。我们讨论了它们在创建患者特异性定制植入物中的作用。面部年轻化的总体目标是解决面部衰老过程的多个方面，包括皮肤、软组织和骨骼结构的缺陷。单独使用异体植入物或与其他外科手术协同使用，可以修复随着年龄增长而出现的广泛解剖学缺陷。
