No Evidence of Resistance to Trifloxystrobin, Triflumizole, and Boscalid in Isolates From U.S. Commercial Apple Orchards.

Apple powdery mildew, caused by , continues to be a challenge in commercial apple orchards in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and worldwide. In this study, isolates were collected in 2018 and 2019 from two organic (baseline) and eight conventional (exposed) apple orchards in Washington, New York, and Virginia, and assessed for their sensitivity to trifloxystrobin (TRI, = 232), triflumizole (TFZ, = 217), and boscalid (BOS, = 240) using a detached leaf assay. Effective concentrations inhibiting 50% growth (EC) were not significantly different between baseline and exposed isolates, and ranged from 0.001 to 0.105, 0.09 to 6.31, and 0.05 to 2.18 µg/ml, for TRI, TFZ, and BOS, respectively. Reduction in sensitivity by factors of 105, 63, and 22 to TRI, TFZ, and BOS, respectively, were observed in some isolates, but all isolates were controlled by the commercial label rates of the three fungicides on detached leaves. Sequencing of the cytochrome b (), cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (), and the iron-sulfur protein subunit () genes in isolates with high EC revealed no mutation previously reported to confer resistance to these fungicides in other fungi, and presence of a group I intron after codon 143 in the gene. Significant ( < 0.001) moderate positive correlations ( = 0.38) observed between sensitivity to TRI and TFZ warrant continuous rotations of fungicides with different modes of action in conventional orchards. The established baseline sensitivities and the molecular markers will help in selecting discriminatory doses and bypassing the challenging in vivo testing for future sensitivity monitoring in .