Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition).
Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring).
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021 Aug 5;34(4):461-490. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01706. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
Chromium (Cr) is a very common element. It occurs in 2 oxidation states, Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Although Cr(III) is not considered an element essential for mammals, it raises lots of controversy due to its role in the body. While Cr(III) action should be considered an effect of pharmacological action, Cr(VI) is included in the first group of carcinogens for humans. Moreover, it induces numerous pathological changes in the respiratory, urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. In addition, Cr(VI) is used in many industry branches, causing millions of workers all over the world to be exposed to Cr(VI) compounds. A considerable number of the occupationally exposed individuals are in favor of a deep analysis of the mechanisms of Cr(VI) action and a search for a way to reduce its negative impact on the human body. Numerous reactive oxygen species inducing oxidative stress and causing various damage are produced during Cr(VI) reduction in the cells. A good balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants can reduce Cr(VI)-induced damage. The influence of vitamins and microelements on the adverse Cr(VI) effects has no systematic research results summary. Therefore, this work focuses on the role of dietary antioxidants such as vitamins and microelements in the prevention of Cr(VI) adverse health effects. Numerous studies have revealed a protective influence of vitamins (mainly vitamins E and C) as well as microelements (especially selenium) on the reduction of Cr(VI)-induced adverse changes. A potential protective effect of these ingredients may be useful in occupational groups that are particularly exposed to Cr(VI). However, more research in this area is required. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(4):461-90.
铬（Cr）是一种非常常见的元素。它有两种氧化态，三价铬（Cr(III)）和六价铬（Cr(VI)）。虽然三价铬（Cr(III)）不被认为是哺乳动物必需的元素，但由于其在体内的作用，引起了很多争议。虽然 Cr(III)的作用应被视为药理学作用的一种效果，但 Cr(VI)被列入人类的第一组致癌物。此外，它会引起呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统和消化系统的许多病理变化。此外，Cr(VI)被用于许多工业分支，导致全世界数以百万计的工人接触到 Cr(VI)化合物。相当数量的职业暴露者赞成深入分析 Cr(VI)作用的机制，并寻找减少其对人体负面影响的方法。在细胞内 Cr(VI)还原过程中会产生大量诱导氧化应激并导致各种损伤的活性氧物质。抗氧化剂和促氧化剂之间的良好平衡可以减少 Cr(VI)诱导的损伤。维生素和微量元素对不利的 Cr(VI)影响的影响没有系统的研究结果总结。因此，这项工作重点研究了膳食抗氧化剂（如维生素和微量元素）在预防 Cr(VI)不良健康影响中的作用。许多研究表明，维生素（主要是维生素 E 和 C）以及微量元素（特别是硒）对减少 Cr(VI)诱导的不良变化具有保护作用。这些成分的潜在保护作用可能对特别接触 Cr(VI)的职业群体有用。但是，需要在这一领域进行更多的研究。国际职业医学与环境卫生杂志。2021;34(4):461-90.
