Winokur R M
Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas 89154.
J Morphol. 1988 Apr;196(1):33-52. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051960105.
Gross and histological examination of all extant families of turtles revealed that the buccopharyngeal mucosa is morphologically highly varied. The tongues of aquatic species have small lingual papillae or lack them entirely, while terrestrial species have tongues with numerous glandular papillae. The pharynx and the esophagus also have papillae in some species. These either facilitate swallowing in which case they are long, pointed, keratinized, and occur commonly in marine turtles, or they are vascular and nonkeratinized, facilitate respiratory gas exchange and are found in the Trionychidae, Dermatemyidae, and Carettochelyidae. The morphology of the buccopharyngeal mucosa of turtles reflects their diet, feeding behavior, habitat, and relationships. Convergence in the morphology of the buccopharyngeal mucosa occurs among families, especially among the Emydidae and other familes of turtles. Intergeneric parallelism is also seen within the Emydidae.
对所有现存龟类科的大体解剖和组织学检查表明，颊咽黏膜在形态上具有高度多样性。水栖龟类的舌头有小的舌乳头或完全没有，而陆栖龟类的舌头有许多腺乳头。在一些龟类物种中，咽部和食管也有乳头。这些乳头要么有助于吞咽，在这种情况下它们长而尖、角质化，常见于海龟中；要么是血管性且非角质化的，有助于呼吸气体交换，见于鳖科、美洲侧颈龟科和猪鼻龟科。龟类颊咽黏膜的形态反映了它们的饮食、摄食行为、栖息地和亲缘关系。在不同科之间，尤其是在水龟科和其他龟类科之间，颊咽黏膜形态存在趋同现象。在水龟科内部也可见属间平行现象。
