New insights on metal allergy in total joint arthroplasty.

Metal allergy is an uncommon and not completely understood cause of failure in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, either immunopathology neither histologic studies clarified the mechanisms through which the metal ions could lead to the complications related to them. The lack of evidence around this topic also reflects the difficulties to diagnose the MRP in TJA. In fact, the diagnosis is generally based on the exclusion of other causes. Currently, skin-patch testing and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) are being commonly used to investigate about metal hypersensitivity and a delayed type-IV hypersensitivity is the immuno-histologic response to metals involved in TJA loosening. A review of the recent publications about this topic has been made focusing on immunology, histopathology, and clinics to better understand a still debated topic in orthopedic practice.