Cultural adaptation and validation of the Body Esteem Scale for Adults and Adolescents for use in English among adolescents in urban India.

Body image research is growing in India; however, there are no psychometrically valid measures to assess body image concerns among an Indian population. In this study, the Body Esteem Scale for Adults and Adolescents (BESAA) underwent adaptation and validation among urban Indian adolescents in English. Cultural adaptations were made in consultation with body image experts and acceptability interviews with adolescents in India. 1462 adolescents living in Northern India completed the adapted BESAA and measures to assess construct validity. For girls, a 15-item three-factor model provided the best fit to our data, using exploratory factor analysis, with 'Appearance-Negative', 'Appearance-Positive', and 'Weight' subscales. For boys, a 7-item two-factor model provided best fit, with 'Appearance-Negative' and 'Appearance-Positive' subscales. Models were confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis. The scales demonstrated good internal consistency and satisfactory test-retest reliability. Construct, convergent validity was supported for girls and boys through significant correlations with figure rating scales and disordered eating. Further analyses using common items across the female and male scales, produced a psychometrically sound scale that can be used comparatively across genders. This study presents a culturally adapted, shortened BESAA as a valid and reliable measure to assess body image concerns in English among urban Indian adolescents.