State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jun 15;279:116922. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116922. Epub 2021 Mar 10.
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants which are toxic to human. Median-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) have similar toxicity to SCCPs. The productions of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in China were 1 million tons in 2013 and remained high after that, which may lead to high risks for human exposure to CPs. To investigate temporal trends and health risks of SCCPs and MCCPs in breast milk in China, samples (n = 2020) were collected from urban and rural areas of 11 Chinese provinces in 2017 and mixed into 42 pooled samples. SCCPs and MCCPs were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron-capture negative-ionization mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ECNI-MS). The MCCP concentrations (median (range)) were 472 (94-1714) and 567 (211-1089) ng g lipid in urban and rural areas, respectively, which showed continuously rapidly increasing during 2007-2017. The SCCP concentrations (median (range)) were 393 (131-808) and 525 (139-1543) ng g lipid in urban and rural areas, respectively. The results showed SCCP levels decreased in urban areas between 2007 and 2017. Significant increases in MCCP/SCCP ratios might arise from extensive manufacturing and use of MCCPs. The median estimated dietary intake via breast milk in urban and rural samples were 1230 and 2510 ng kg d, respectively, for SCCPs and 2150 and 1890 ng kg d, respectively, for MCCPs. Preliminarily risk assessment showed that SCCPs posed a significant health risk to infants via breastfeeding. The high MCCP levels should also be of concern because of continuous growth and negative effect on infants. Correspondence analysis indicated congeners with higher carbon and chlorine numbers in dietary tend to accumulate in breast milk.
短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）是一种对人体有毒的持久性有机污染物。中链氯化石蜡（MCCPs）与 SCCPs 具有相似的毒性。2013 年中国氯化石蜡（CPs）的产量为 100 万吨，此后一直居高不下，这可能导致人类接触 CPs 的风险很高。为了研究 SCCPs 和 MCCPs 在中国人乳中的时间趋势和健康风险，于 2017 年从中国 11 个省份的城乡地区采集了 2020 份样本，并将其混合成 42 个混合样本。采用二维气相色谱-电子俘获负电离质谱（GC×GC-ECNI-MS）分析 SCCPs 和 MCCPs。城乡地区 MCCP 浓度（中位数（范围））分别为 472（94-1714）和 567（211-1089）ng g 脂质，2007-2017 年间呈持续快速增长。城乡地区 SCCP 浓度（中位数（范围））分别为 393（131-808）和 525（139-1543）ng g 脂质。结果表明，2007 年至 2017 年，城市地区 SCCP 水平下降。MCCP/SCCP 比值的显著增加可能是由于 MCCPs 的广泛制造和使用。城市和农村样本通过母乳估计的中位膳食摄入量分别为 SCCPs 的 1230 和 2510ngkgd，以及 MCCPs 的 2150 和 1890ngkgd。初步风险评估显示，通过母乳喂养 SCCPs 对婴儿构成显著健康风险。由于持续增长和对婴儿的负面影响，MCCP 的高浓度也应引起关注。对应分析表明，饮食中碳和氯数较高的同系物更倾向于在母乳中积累。
