Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
Maternal and Child Unit, Pirassununga Medical Specialities Center, Antônio Joaquim Mendes, 1017, CEP 13634-502, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jun 15;279:116938. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116938. Epub 2021 Mar 12.
In this study, the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and some of their metabolites were assessed in breast milk and urine of lactating women (N = 74) from Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. Exposure estimations through urinary mycotoxin biomarkers was also performed. Samples were collected in four sampling times (May and August 2018, February and July 2019) and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Aflatoxin M (AFM) was not detected in breast milk. However, two samples (3%) presented FB at 2200 and 3400 ng/L, while 4 samples (5%) had OTA at the median level of 360 ng/L. In urine, AFM and aflatoxin P (AFP) were found in 51 and 11% of samples, respectively (median levels: 0.16 and 0.07 ng/mg creatinine, respectively). Urinary DON (median level: 38.59 ng/mg creatinine), OTA (median level: 2.38 ng/mg creatinine) and ZEN (median level: 0.02 ng/mg of creatinine) were quantified in 18, 8 and 10% of the samples, respectively. Mean probable daily intake (PDI) values based on urinary biomarkers were 1.58, 1.09, 5.07, and 0.05 μg/kg body weight/day for AFM, DON, OTA, and ZEN, respectively. Although a low mycotoxin occurrence was detected in breast milk, the PDI for the genotoxic AFs was much higher than those reported previously in Brazil, while PDI values obtained for OTA and DON were higher than recommended tolerable daily intakes. These outcomes warrant concern on the exposure of lactating women to these mycotoxins in the studied area.
在这项研究中，评估了来自巴西皮拉西卡巴的哺乳期妇女（N=74 人）的母乳和尿液中黄曲霉毒素（AFs）、伏马菌素（FBs）、赭曲霉毒素 A（OTA）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和它们的一些代谢物的发生情况。还通过尿液真菌毒素生物标志物进行了暴露评估。样本分别于 2018 年 5 月和 8 月、2019 年 2 月和 7 月四次采集，并通过液相色谱-串联质谱法进行分析。母乳中未检测到黄曲霉毒素 M（AFM）。然而，有两个样本（3%）的 FB 含量分别为 2200 和 3400ng/L，4 个样本（5%）的 OTA 中位数水平为 360ng/L。尿液中，AFM 和黄曲霉毒素 P（AFP）分别在 51%和 11%的样本中被发现（中位数水平分别为 0.16 和 0.07ng/mg 肌酐）。18%、8%和 10%的样本中定量检测到尿液 DON（中位数水平：38.59ng/mg 肌酐）、OTA（中位数水平：2.38ng/mg 肌酐）和 ZEN（中位数水平：0.02ng/mg 肌酐）。基于尿液生物标志物的平均可能每日摄入量（PDI）值分别为 AFM（1.58μg/kg 体重/天）、DON（1.09μg/kg 体重/天）、OTA（5.07μg/kg 体重/天）和 ZEN（0.05μg/kg 体重/天）。尽管母乳中真菌毒素的检出率较低，但致基因突变的 AFs 的 PDI 远高于巴西此前的报道值，而 OTA 和 DON 的 PDI 值则高于推荐的耐受日摄入量。这些结果表明，在研究地区，哺乳期妇女接触这些真菌毒素的情况令人担忧。
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