CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France.
J Environ Sci Health B. 2021;56(4):333-356. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1885262. Epub 2021 Mar 24.
With wider use of graphene-based materials and other two-dimensional (2 D) materials in various fields, including electronics, composites, biomedicine, etc., 2 D materials can trigger undesired effects at cellular, tissue and organ level. Macrophages can be found in many organs. They are one of the most important cells in the immune system and they are relevant in the study of nanomaterials as they phagocytose them. Nanomaterials have multi-faceted effects on phagocytic immune cells like macrophages, showing signs of inflammation in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokine or reactive oxidation species production, or upregulation of activation markers due to the presence of these foreign bodies. This review is catered to researchers interested in the potential impact and toxicity of 2 D materials, particularly in macrophages, focusing on few-layer graphene, graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, as well as other promising 2 D materials containing molybdenum, manganese, boron, phosphorus and tungsten. We describe applications relevant to the growing area of 2 D materials research, and the possible risks of ions and molecules used in the production of these promising 2 D materials, or those produced by the degradation and dissolution of 2 D materials.
随着基于石墨烯和其他二维（2D）材料在电子、复合材料、生物医学等各个领域的广泛应用，2D 材料可能会在细胞、组织和器官水平引发不良效应。巨噬细胞存在于许多器官中。它们是免疫系统中最重要的细胞之一，在纳米材料研究中也很重要，因为它们会吞噬这些材料。纳米材料对巨噬细胞等吞噬免疫细胞有多种影响，表现为炎症细胞因子或活性氧化物种的产生，或者由于这些异物的存在，激活标志物的上调。这篇综述面向对 2D 材料（特别是在巨噬细胞中）的潜在影响和毒性感兴趣的研究人员，重点介绍少层石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、石墨烯量子点以及其他含有钼、锰、硼、磷和钨的有前途的 2D 材料。我们描述了与 2D 材料研究不断增长的领域相关的应用，以及这些有前途的 2D 材料生产中使用的离子和分子，或 2D 材料降解和溶解产生的离子和分子的可能风险。
