Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 2010 02, India.
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 4400 20, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 May;28(20):24889-24916. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13143-x. Epub 2021 Mar 25.
The overuse, misuse, and underuse of antibiotics tend to increase the antibiotic burden in the environment resulting into the evolution in microbial community to possess resistance that renders antibiotics ineffective against them. The current review recapitulates the present state of knowledge about the occurrence and fate of antibiotics in various environmental matrices. Also, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria/antibiotic-resistant genes (ARB/ARGs) in various biological and non-biological systems, eco-toxicity of antibiotics on non-target organisms, and remediation methods for antibiotics and ARB/ARGs removal were critically reviewed. Furthermore, a comparison of various technologies for their efficiency to eliminate antibiotic residues and ARB/ARGs is made. The study identified gaps in the investigation of toxic effects of low concentration of antibiotics and the mixture of multiple antibiotics on non-target organisms. The study of antibiotics' phytotoxicity and toxicity towards sediment and soil-dwelling organisms are also recognized as a knowledge gap. The review also details policies implemented across the globe to fight against antibiotic resistance, and the scarcity of data on lab to land transferred remediation technology was identified. The present study entails a critical review of literature providing guidelines for the articulation of policies for prudent use of antibiotics, limits on the amount of antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations, and regular surveillance in the Indian context.
抗生素的过度使用、误用和使用不足往往会增加环境中的抗生素负担，导致微生物群落发生进化，从而产生抗药性，使抗生素对其无效。本综述回顾了抗生素在各种环境基质中的存在和归宿的现有知识状况。此外，还对各种生物和非生物系统中抗生素耐药细菌/抗生素耐药基因（ARB/ARGs）的流行情况、抗生素对非靶标生物的生态毒性以及抗生素和 ARB/ARGs 去除的修复方法进行了批判性评价。此外，还比较了各种技术在消除抗生素残留和 ARB/ARGs 方面的效率。该研究发现，在调查低浓度抗生素和多种抗生素混合物对非靶标生物的毒性影响方面存在差距。抗生素对植物的毒性和对沉积物及土壤生物的毒性研究也被认为是一个知识空白。该综述还详细介绍了全球范围内为对抗抗生素耐药性而实施的政策，同时也发现了实验室到实地转移修复技术数据匮乏的问题。本研究对文献进行了批判性评价，为在印度背景下制定合理使用抗生素、限制药物制剂中抗生素含量以及进行定期监测的政策提供了指导方针。
