Schuler G
Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2021 Jul;76:106622. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106622. Epub 2021 Feb 19.
Historically steroid sulfates have been considered predominantly as inactive metabolites. It was later discovered that by cleavage of the sulfate residue by steroid sulfatase (STS), they can be (re-)converted into active forms or into precursors for the local production of active steroids. This sulfatase pathway is now a very active field of research, which has gained considerable interest particularly in connection with the steroid metabolism of human steroid hormone-dependent cancer tissue. In comparison, there is much less information available on the occurrence of the sulfatase pathway in physiological settings, where the targeted uptake of steroid sulfates by specific transporters and their hydrolysis could serve to limit steroid effects to a subgroup of potentially steroid responsive cells. In humans, steroid sulfates of adrenal origin circulate in intriguingly high concentrations throughout most of life. Thus, ample substrate is available for the sulfatase pathway regardless of sex. However, the abundant adrenal output of steroid sulfates is a specific feature of select primates. Compared to humans, in our domestic mammals (dogs, cats, domestic ungulates) and laboratory rodents (mouse, rat) research into the biology of steroid sulfates is still in its infancy and information on the subject has so far been largely limited to punctual observations, which indicate considerable species-specific peculiarities. The aim of this overview is to provide a summary of the relevant information available in the above-mentioned species, predominantly taking into account data on concentrations of steroid sulfates in blood as well as the expression patterns and activities of relevant sulfotransferases and STS.
从历史上看，类固醇硫酸盐主要被认为是无活性的代谢产物。后来发现，通过类固醇硫酸酯酶（STS）裂解硫酸酯残基，它们可以（重新）转化为活性形式或转化为局部产生活性类固醇的前体。现在，这条硫酸酯酶途径是一个非常活跃的研究领域，尤其在与人类类固醇激素依赖性癌组织的类固醇代谢相关方面引起了相当大的关注。相比之下，关于硫酸酯酶途径在生理环境中的存在情况的信息要少得多，在生理环境中，特定转运蛋白对类固醇硫酸盐的靶向摄取及其水解可能有助于将类固醇作用限制在潜在的类固醇反应性细胞亚群中。在人类中，肾上腺来源的类固醇硫酸盐在一生中的大部分时间里都以极高的浓度循环。因此，无论性别如何，都有充足的底物可用于硫酸酯酶途径。然而，类固醇硫酸盐的大量肾上腺分泌是某些灵长类动物的一个特定特征。与人类相比，在我们的家养哺乳动物（狗、猫、家养有蹄类动物）和实验室啮齿动物（小鼠、大鼠）中，对类固醇硫酸盐生物学的研究仍处于起步阶段，到目前为止，关于这一主题的信息在很大程度上仅限于点状观察，这些观察表明存在相当大的物种特异性特点。本综述的目的是总结上述物种中可用的相关信息，主要考虑血液中类固醇硫酸盐的浓度以及相关硫酸转移酶和STS的表达模式和活性数据。
