DHI WASY GmbH, Bremen, Germany.
DHI A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2021 Mar;149(3):1791. doi: 10.1121/10.0003760.
Offshore wind farms are part of the transition to a sustainable energy supply and both the total numbers and size of wind turbines are rapidly increasing. While the impact of underwater sound related to construction work has been in the focus of research and regulation, few data exist on the potential impact of underwater sound from operational wind farms. Here, we reviewed published sound levels of underwater sound from operational wind farms and found an increase with size of wind turbines expressed in terms of their nominal power. This trend was identified in both broadband and turbine-specific spectral band sound pressure levels (SPLs). For a nominal power of 10 MW, the trends in broadband SPLs and turbine-specific spectral band SPLs yielded source levels of 170 and 177 dB re 1 μPa m, respectively. The shift from using gear boxes to direct drive technology is expected to reduce the sound level by 10 dB. Using the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration criterion for behavioral disruption for continuous noise (i.e., level B), a single 10 MW direct drive turbine is expected to cause behavioral response in marine mammals up to 1.4 km distance from the turbine, compared to 6.3 km for a turbine with gear box.
海上风电场是向可持续能源供应过渡的一部分，风力涡轮机的总数和规模都在迅速增加。虽然与施工相关的水下噪音的影响一直是研究和监管的重点，但有关运行风电场水下噪音的潜在影响的数据很少。在这里，我们回顾了已发表的运行风电场水下声音的声级，并发现其与风力涡轮机的尺寸有关，这在名义功率方面有所体现。这一趋势在宽带和涡轮机特定的频谱带声压级（SPL）中都得到了确认。对于 10 兆瓦的标称功率，宽带 SPL 和涡轮机特定的频谱带 SPL 的趋势分别产生了 170 和 177 dB 相对于 1 μPa m 的声源级。从使用齿轮箱到直接驱动技术的转变预计将降低 10 dB 的声级。根据国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）对连续噪声（即 B 级）行为干扰的标准，与使用齿轮箱的涡轮机相比，单一的 10 兆瓦直接驱动涡轮机预计将在距离涡轮机 1.4 公里的范围内引起海洋哺乳动物的行为反应，而使用齿轮箱的涡轮机则为 6.3 公里。
