Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Int J Health Geogr. 2021 Mar 25;20(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s12942-020-00257-7.
Although neighborhood-level access to food differs by sociodemographic factors, a majority of research on neighborhoods and food access has used a single construct of neighborhood context, such as income or race. Therefore, the many interrelated built environment and sociodemographic characteristics of neighborhoods obscure relationships between neighborhood factors and food access.
The objective of this study was to account for the many interrelated characteristics of food-related neighborhood environments and examine the association between neighborhood type and relative availability of sit-down restaurants and supermarkets. Using cluster analyses with multiple measures of neighborhood characteristics (e.g., population density, mix of land use, and sociodemographic factors) we identified six neighborhood types in 1993 in the Twin Cities Region, Minnesota. We then used mixed effects regression models to estimate differences in the relative availability of sit-down restaurants and supermarkets in 1993, 2001, and 2011 across the six neighborhood types.
We defined six types of neighborhoods that existed in 1993, namely, urban core, inner city, urban, aging suburb, high-income suburb, and suburban edge. Between 1993 and 2011, inner city neighborhoods experienced a greater increase in the percent of sit-down restaurants compared with urban core, urban, and aging suburbs. Differences in the percent of sit-down restaurants between inner city and aging suburbs, high-income suburbs and suburban edge neighborhoods increased between 1993 and 2011. Similarly, aging suburb neighborhoods had a greater percent of supermarkets compared with urban and high-income suburb neighborhoods in 2001 and 2011, but not in 1993, suggesting a more varied distribution of food stores across neighborhoods over time. Thus, the classification of neighborhood type based on sociodemographic and built environment characteristics resulted in a complex and increasingly varied distribution of restaurants and food stores.
The temporal increase in the relative availability of sit-down restaurants in inner cities after accounting for all restaurants might be partly related to a higher proportion of residents who eat-away-from-home, which is associated with higher calorie and fat intake.
尽管邻里层面的食物获取情况因社会人口因素而异，但大多数关于邻里和食物获取的研究都使用了邻里环境的单一结构，例如收入或种族。因此，邻里的许多相互关联的建筑环境和社会人口特征掩盖了邻里因素与食物获取之间的关系。
本研究的目的是说明与食物相关的邻里环境的许多相互关联的特征，并研究邻里类型与坐式餐厅和超市相对供应之间的关系。我们使用聚类分析和多种邻里特征的衡量标准（例如人口密度、土地利用组合和社会人口因素），于 1993 年在明尼苏达州的双子城地区确定了六种邻里类型。然后，我们使用混合效应回归模型来估计六种邻里类型在 1993 年、2001 年和 2011 年之间坐式餐厅和超市相对供应的差异。
我们定义了六种存在于 1993 年的邻里类型，即城市核心区、内城、城市、老龄化郊区、高收入郊区和郊区边缘。在 1993 年至 2011 年间，与城市核心区、城市和老龄化郊区相比，内城邻里的坐式餐厅比例增加更多。内城和老龄化郊区、高收入郊区和郊区边缘邻里之间的坐式餐厅比例差异在 1993 年至 2011 年间有所增加。同样，在 2001 年和 2011 年，老龄化郊区的超市比例高于城市和高收入郊区，但在 1993 年并非如此，这表明随着时间的推移，食品店在邻里之间的分布更加多样化。因此，基于社会人口和建筑环境特征对邻里类型的分类导致了餐厅和食品店分布的复杂和日益多样化。
在考虑所有餐厅后，内城地区坐式餐厅相对供应的增加可能部分与外出就餐的居民比例较高有关，外出就餐与更高的卡路里和脂肪摄入有关。
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