Multiscale 'whole-cell' models to study neural information processing - New insights from fly photoreceptor studies.

Understanding a neuron's input-output relationship is a longstanding challenge. Arguably, these signalling dynamics can be better understood if studied at three levels of analysis: computational, algorithmic and implementational (Marr, 1982). But it is difficult to integrate such analyses into a single platform that can realistically simulate neural information processing. Multiscale dynamical "whole-cell" modelling, a recent systems biology approach, makes this possible. Dynamical "whole-cell" models are computational models that aim to account for the integrated function of numerous genes or molecules to behave like virtual cells in silico. However, because constructing such models is laborious, only a couple of examples have emerged since the first one, built for Mycoplasma genitalium bacterium, was reported in 2012. Here, we review dynamic "whole-cell" neuron models for fly photoreceptors and how these have been used to study neural information processing. Specifically, we review how the models have helped uncover the mechanisms and evolutionary rules of quantal light information sampling and integration, which underlie light adaptation and further improve our understanding of insect vision.