Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States.
Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States.
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2021 Aug;69:112-121. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.009. Epub 2021 Mar 27.
Understanding how organs originate is challenging due to the twin problems of explaining how new cell types evolve and how collective interactions between cell types arise and become selectively advantageous. Animals are assemblages of organs and cell types of different antiquities, and among the most rapidly and convergently evolving are exocrine glands and their constituent secretory cell types. Such structures have arisen independently thousands of times across the Metazoa, impacting how animals chemically interact with their environments. The recurrent evolution of exocrine systems provides a paradigm for examining how qualitative phenotypic novelties arise from variation at the cellular level. Here, we take a hierarchical perspective, focusing on the evolutionary assembly of novel biosynthetic pathways and secretory cell types, and how both selection and non-adaptive molecular processes may combine to build the complex, modular architectures of many animal glands.
由于要解释新的细胞类型如何进化以及细胞类型之间的集体相互作用如何产生并变得具有选择性优势这两个问题，了解器官的起源具有挑战性。动物是由不同历史的器官和细胞类型组成的集合体，其中进化最快和最趋同的是外分泌腺及其组成的分泌细胞类型。这些结构已经在后生动物中独立出现了数千次，影响了动物如何与环境进行化学相互作用。外分泌系统的反复进化为研究如何从细胞水平的变异产生定性表型新颖性提供了范例。在这里，我们采取分层的观点，重点研究新的生物合成途径和分泌细胞类型的进化组装，以及选择和非适应性分子过程如何结合起来构建许多动物腺体的复杂、模块化结构。
