Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy.
Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 30;11(1):7152. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86031-6.
Among the artists' materials of the nineteenth century, pastel crayons merit scientific interest since their early commercial formulations are mostly unknown and, until now, have been considerably less studied with respect to other contemporary painting materials. In this framework, research herein reports the results of a comprehensive multi-analytical study of 44 pastel crayons of two recognized brands (LeFranc and Dr. F. Schoenfeld) from the Munch museum collection of original materials belonging to Edvard Munch. The integrated use of complementary spectroscopic and hyphenated mass-spectrometry techniques allowed the compositional profiles of the crayons to be traced providing the identification of the inorganic and organic pigments, the fillers/extenders and the binders. All crayons resulted to be oil- based and the binder was identified to be a mixture of a drying oil (safflower or linseed oil), palm oil or Japan wax and beeswax. Among others, pigments such as ultramarine, chrome yellows, Prussian blue, manganese violet, viridian and madder lake have been identified. A significant alignment in formulations of the brands was observed with the only exception of the greens which showed distinctive pigment and filler compositions. The analytical information provided for these commercial artists' materials will be of great interest for academia, museum and other institutions hosting art collections dating from the same period and it will be used by the Munch museum to draw proper conservation strategies of its own artwork collections.
在 19 世纪的艺术家材料中，彩色粉笔因其早期的商业配方大多不为人知，而且迄今为止相对于其他当代绘画材料的研究也少得多，因此值得科学关注。在这个框架内，本研究报告了对孟克博物馆收藏的爱德华·蒙克原始材料中来自两个知名品牌（LeFranc 和 Dr. F. Schoenfeld）的 44 支彩色粉笔的综合分析研究结果。综合使用互补的光谱和联用质谱技术，能够追踪彩色粉笔的组成分布，从而鉴定出无机和有机颜料、填充剂/增塑剂和粘合剂。所有彩色粉笔均为油性，并且粘合剂被鉴定为干性油（红花油或亚麻籽油）、棕榈油或日本蜡和蜂蜡的混合物。除了绿色颜料外，还鉴定出了群青、铬黄、普鲁士蓝、锰紫、绿碧玺和茜素湖等颜料。观察到这两个品牌的配方有明显的一致性，只有绿色颜料显示出独特的颜料和填充剂组成。为这些商业艺术家材料提供的分析信息将对学术界、博物馆和其他收藏同期艺术品的机构非常感兴趣，并将被蒙克博物馆用于制定其自有艺术品收藏的适当保护策略。
