Division of Natural Resource Economics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
Menon Centre for Environmental and Resource Economics, Sørkedalsveien 10B, Oslo, NO-0369, Norway.
Conserv Biol. 2022 Feb;36(1):e13729. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13729. Epub 2021 Mar 31.
Many voluntary incentive programs for provision of forest ecosystem services (ES) have low participation rates, insufficient enrollment areas, and inefficient ecological outcomes. Understanding participation behavior in such programs has therefore become a crucial part of policy success. We synthesized a large body of literature on the behavior of nonindustrial private forest owners based on surveys of stated (intended) participation or data on actual participation in existing or hypothetical programs. Using metaregression analysis, we examined how methodological, program-characteristic, and economic-incentive variables affected participation rate estimates. Participation rates tended to be overestimated when landowner participation was elicited in hypothetical choice situations (compared with real situations) and when dichotomous choice surveys (compared with census data) were used. The marginal effect sizes were quite large, for example, a 31% increase with use of stated choices in hypothetical scenarios, and practitioners should therefore be aware of them. However, use of choice experiment surveys in a modified scenario based on existing programs had no effect on participation when all other determinants were controlled for. Participation rates decreased significantly as length of the contract increased and when there was no withdrawal option. These results suggest that perpetual contracts have a lower negative impact on participation than time-limited contracts with a duration of over 50 years. We confirmed that as compensation amounts increased, participation increased. One-time up-front payments were more effective in increasing initial participation than annual payments for contracts of over 5 years. We identified the robust determinants and the effect sizes of those determinants on landowner participation rate estimates, thereby contributing to a better understanding of forest owner behavior and offering useful insights to enable researchers and resource managers to improve the design and efficiency of new and existing forest ES programs.
许多提供森林生态系统服务（ES）的自愿激励计划参与率较低，注册区域不足，生态效益不高。因此，了解此类计划中的参与行为已成为政策成功的关键部分。我们基于对现有或假设计划中的既定（预期）参与或实际参与数据的调查，综合了大量关于非工业私有林主行为的文献。我们使用荟萃回归分析，研究了方法、计划特征和经济激励变量如何影响参与率估计。当在假设的选择情境（与实际情况相比）中引出土地所有者的参与度时，以及当使用二项选择调查（与普查数据相比）时，参与率往往被高估。边际效应大小相当大，例如，在假设情景中使用既定选择的情况下，参与率会增加 31%，因此从业者应该意识到这一点。然而，当控制所有其他决定因素时，在基于现有计划的修改情景中使用选择实验调查对参与没有影响。随着合同期限的延长和没有退出选择，参与率显著下降。这些结果表明，与期限超过 50 年的有限期限合同相比，永久合同对参与的负面影响较小。我们证实，随着补偿金额的增加，参与度也会增加。对于期限超过 5 年的合同，一次性预付款比年度付款更能有效地提高初始参与率。我们确定了对土地所有者参与率估计有稳健影响的决定因素及其影响大小，从而有助于更好地了解森林所有者的行为，并为研究人员和资源管理者提供有用的见解，以改进新的和现有的森林 ES 计划的设计和效率。
