Li J W
China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi. 2021 Jan 28;51(1):43-49. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112155-20200928-00154.
There are 18 volumes of (, ) and 37 volumes of in . Base on Huangfu Mi's preface to (, ), "Now there are and that are ", and researchers think has been lost for a long time. However, the study of historical records shows that with the gradual loss of records in and , the inheritance of and has become increasingly clear. From the bibliography of of , and were undoubtedly two books. According to the development process of ancient Chinese society, the medical system of Zhou Dynasty, the achievements of Yiyin medicine, and the evolution of doctors' Appellations of "Wu"(Wizard), "Gong"(craftsman) and "Yi"(physician), this paper thinks that and can only be written in the Western Zhou Dynasty, while the state power was highly concentrated, not in the Warring States period. was probably written in response to the needs of "disease medicine" and "food medicine" of the Zhou Dynasty. Its inheriting writing is the current edition of plain questions, covering the major internal medicine system; is likely to be written in response to the needs of " skin and external diseases medicine" of Zhou Dynasty, and its inheriting writing is the current version of (), covering the general anatomy of the human body, acupuncture, sores, massage, guidance, etc., quite the grand surgical system.
《黄帝内经》有18卷( ),《黄帝外经》有37卷。根据皇甫谧《黄帝内经》序“今有《针经》《九卷》”,研究者认为《黄帝外经》早已失传。然而,对历史记载的研究表明,随着《素问》《灵枢》记载的逐渐散失,《针经》《九卷》的传承却愈发清晰。从《汉书·艺文志》来看,《针经》《九卷》无疑是两本书。依据中国古代社会的发展进程、周代的医学体系、伊尹医学的成就以及“巫”(巫师)、“工”(工匠)、“医”(医师)称谓的演变,本文认为《针经》《九卷》只能成书于西周时期,当时国家权力高度集中,而非战国时期。《针经》可能是为回应周代“疾病医学”和“食医”的需求而作,其传承之作是现今的《灵枢》,涵盖了主要的内科体系;《九卷》很可能是为回应周代“皮肤及外科疾病医学”的需求而作,其传承之作是现今的《黄帝外经》,涵盖人体的大体解剖、针灸、疮疡、按摩、导引等,颇具宏大的外科体系。