土地利用变化对饮用地下水硝酸盐暴露致非致癌健康风险的影响。
Effect of land use changes on non-carcinogenic health risks due to nitrate exposure to drinking groundwater.
机构信息
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
出版信息
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Aug;28(31):41937-41947. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13753-5. Epub 2021 Apr 1.
This study aimed to determine the effect of land-use changes on the non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate ion exposure of underground drinking water resources in Shiraz (Iran). To this end, 175 chemical samples for the nitrate analysis were regularly taken from 35 drinking water wells of Shiraz from 2013 to 2017, and their results were zoned using GIS. Hazard quotient (HQ) induced by nitrate ion exposure was determined in four age groups: infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Area changes of four types of land-use, including residential, agricultural and green space, industrial, and bare land within a radius of 400 m of drinking water wells, were determined using the GIS and Google Earth software. Then, all data was imported to Matlab 2018 for statistical analysis. The results showed that mean nitrate concentration increased by 2.5 mg L from 2013 to 2017. According to the zoning map, 5 and 11.4% of the area in 2013 and 2017, respectively, exceeded the drinking water standard set by nitrate (i.e., 50 mg/L). Air temperature and precipitation variations also influenced nitrate concentrations and HQ changes (R = 0.67). Children's age group was the most vulnerable, and during the study period, this vulnerability was an increasing trend, so that the HQ from 0.93 in 2013 to 0.97 in 2017 has increased. The rate of land-use changes in agricultural, industrial, bare, and urban was -1.8%, 1.3%, -4.6%, and 2.1%, respectively, and the highest correlation was observed between HQ and Diff.l residential land use (R = 0.55). According to the results, the most influential factor in HQ was air temperature (R = 0.66), and urban land-use change (R > 0.44). To sum up, this study's results showed that land-use changes, especially urban and residential development, significantly affect groundwater nitrate concentration and its degree of HQ. Moreover, increasing temperature and decreasing annual precipitation can also increase the severity of this risk.
本研究旨在确定土地利用变化对设拉子（伊朗）地下饮用水资源硝酸盐离子暴露的非致癌健康风险的影响。为此，我们于 2013 年至 2017 年期间定期从设拉子的 35 口饮用水井中采集了 175 个硝酸盐分析样本，并使用 GIS 对其进行了分区。在四个年龄组（婴儿、儿童、青少年和成人）中，确定了由硝酸盐离子暴露引起的危害系数（HQ）。使用 GIS 和 Google Earth 软件确定了饮用水井周围 400 米范围内四种土地利用类型（住宅、农业和绿地、工业和裸地）的面积变化。然后，将所有数据导入 Matlab 2018 进行统计分析。结果表明，从 2013 年到 2017 年，硝酸盐浓度平均增加了 2.5mg/L。根据分区图，2013 年和 2017 年分别有 5%和 11.4%的区域超过了硝酸盐设定的饮用水标准（即 50mg/L）。气温和降水变化也影响了硝酸盐浓度和 HQ 的变化（R = 0.67）。儿童年龄组是最脆弱的，在研究期间，这种脆弱性呈上升趋势，因此 HQ 从 2013 年的 0.93 增加到 2017 年的 0.97。农业、工业、裸地和城市的土地利用变化率分别为-1.8%、1.3%、-4.6%和 2.1%，HQ 与住宅用地变化（R = 0.55）之间的相关性最高。根据研究结果，HQ 的最主要影响因素是气温（R = 0.66）和城市土地利用变化（R > 0.44）。综上所述，本研究结果表明，土地利用变化，尤其是城市和住宅开发，显著影响地下水中硝酸盐浓度及其 HQ 程度。此外，气温升高和年降水量减少也会增加这种风险的严重程度。
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