Jamshidi Arsalan, Morovati Maryam, Golbini Mofrad Mohammad Mehdi, Panahandeh Maryam, Soleimani Hamed, Abdolahpour Alamdari Halimeh
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, P.O.Box184, Ardakan, Iran.
J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2021 May 26;19(1):1117-1131. doi: 10.1007/s40201-021-00678-x. eCollection 2021 Jun.
Water is exceptionally vital for all living beings and socio-economic development. This study aimed to investigate the groundwater suitability for drinking in rural areas of Kamyaran city, Kurdistan province, Iran, by using the water quality index (WQI) and evaluating the non-carcinogenic health risk caused by nitrate from the drinking route. Forty-five groundwater samples were collected (2019) from operated dug-wells, and twelve parameters (TDS, pH, TH, EC, HCO , K, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO , and NO ) were measured to the calculation of WQI. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and sensitivity analysis (SA) using the Monte-Carlo Simulation technique with 10,000 iterations were employed to determine the non-carcinogenic effects of Nitrate in different exposed groups (Infant, children, teenagers, and adults). The results of WQI showed that 74% of groundwater samples fall within the excellent water quality class, and 26% of rural areas fall in the category of good water type. The nitrate concentration in drinking water ranged from 22.42 ± 11.44 mg/L. The HQ mean for infants, children, teenagers, and adults were 0.5606, 0.7288, 0.5606, and 0.438, respectively. Probability estimation showed the HQ values for the 5th, and 95th percentile in infants, children, teenagers, and adult groups were (0.25-1.81), (0.13-1.08), (0.13-0.97), and (0.07-0.51), respectively. The SA showed that the most significant parameter of non-carcinogenic risk in all exposed populations was nitrate concentration. Generally, nitrate concentration in the study area was relatively high, and remarkably in agriculture and fertilizer management required more attention.
水对于所有生物和社会经济发展都极其重要。本研究旨在通过使用水质指数（WQI）并评估饮用途径中硝酸盐所致的非致癌健康风险，来调查伊朗库尔德斯坦省卡米亚兰市农村地区地下水的饮用适宜性。2019年从运营的挖井中采集了45份地下水样本，并测量了12项参数（总溶解固体、pH值、总硬度、电导率、碳酸氢根、钾、钠、镁、钙、氯、硫酸根和硝酸根）以计算WQI。采用蒙特卡洛模拟技术进行10000次迭代的危害商（HQ）和敏感性分析（SA），以确定不同暴露组（婴儿、儿童、青少年和成年人）中硝酸盐的非致癌影响。WQI结果表明，74%的地下水样本属于优质水质类别，26%的农村地区属于良好水质类型。饮用水中的硝酸盐浓度范围为22.42±11.44mg/L。婴儿、儿童、青少年和成年人的HQ平均值分别为0.5606、0.7288、0.5606和0.438。概率估计显示，婴儿、儿童、青少年和成人组中第5和第95百分位数的HQ值分别为（0.25 - 1.81）、（0.13 - 1.08）、（0.13 - 0.97）和（0.07 - 0.51）。SA表明，所有暴露人群中非致癌风险的最显著参数是硝酸盐浓度。总体而言，研究区域内的硝酸盐浓度相对较高，特别是在农业和肥料管理方面需要更多关注。
