Rizal Samsul, H P S Abdul Khalil, Oyekanmi Adeleke A, Gideon Olaiya N, Abdullah Che K, Yahya Esam B, Alfatah Tata, Sabaruddin Fatimah A, Rahman Azhar A
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia.
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia.
Polymers (Basel). 2021 Mar 24;13(7):1006. doi: 10.3390/polym13071006.
The exponential increase in textile cotton wastes generation and the ineffective processing mechanism to mitigate its environmental impact by developing functional materials with unique properties for geotechnical applications, wastewater, packaging, and biomedical engineering have become emerging global concerns among researchers. A comprehensive study of a processed cotton fibres isolation technique and their applications are highlighted in this review. Surface modification of cotton wastes fibre increases the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals removal from wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have demonstrated high adsorption capacity for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have found remarkable application in slope amendments, reinforcement of expansive soils and building materials, and a proven source for isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Several research work on the use of cotton waste for functional application rather than disposal has been done. However, no review study has discussed the potentials of cotton wastes from source (Micro-Nano) to application. This review critically analyses novel isolation techniques of CNC from cotton wastes with an in-depth study of a parameter variation effect on their yield. Different pretreatment techniques and efficiency were discussed. From the analysis, chemical pretreatment is considered the most efficient extraction of CNCs from cotton wastes. The pretreatment strategies can suffer variation in process conditions, resulting in distortion in the extracted cellulose's crystallinity. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid is the most used extraction process for cotton wastes-based CNC. A combined pretreatment process, such as sonication and hydrolysis, increases the crystallinity of cotton-based CNCs. The improvement of the reinforced matrix interface of textile fibres is required for improved packaging and biomedical applications for the sustainability of cotton-based CNCs.
纺织棉废料产生量呈指数级增长，且缺乏有效的处理机制来减轻其对环境的影响，比如通过开发具有独特性能的功能材料用于岩土工程、废水处理、包装和生物医学工程等领域，这已成为研究人员全球关注的新问题。本文综述重点介绍了一种处理棉纤维的分离技术及其应用的全面研究。棉废料纤维的表面改性提高了对染料的吸附能力以及从废水中去除重金属的能力。棉废料纤维已证明对去除废水中难降解污染物具有高吸附容量。棉废料纤维在边坡改良、膨胀土加固和建筑材料方面有显著应用，并且是分离纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）的可靠来源。已经开展了多项关于将棉废料用于功能应用而非处置的研究工作。然而，尚无综述研究讨论从源头（微纳层面）到应用的棉废料的潜力。本综述批判性地分析了从棉废料中分离CNC的新型技术，并深入研究了参数变化对其产率的影响。讨论了不同的预处理技术及其效率。经分析，化学预处理被认为是从棉废料中提取CNC最有效的方法。预处理策略可能会因工艺条件不同而有所差异，从而导致提取的纤维素结晶度发生畸变。使用硫酸进行酸水解是基于棉废料的CNC最常用的提取工艺。诸如超声处理和水解等联合预处理工艺可提高棉基CNC的结晶度。为了实现棉基CNC在包装和生物医学应用方面的可持续性，需要改进纺织纤维增强基体界面。
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