Wiszniewska Alina
Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland.
Plants (Basel). 2021 Mar 25;10(4):623. doi: 10.3390/plants10040623.
Combating environmental stress related to the presence of toxic elements is one of the most important challenges in plant production. The majority of plant species suffer from developmental abnormalities caused by an exposure to toxic concentrations of metals and metalloids, mainly Al, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. However, defense mechanisms are activated with diverse intensity and efficiency. Enhancement of defense potential can be achieved though exogenously applied treatments, resulting in a higher capability of surviving and developing under stress and become, at least temporarily, tolerant to stress factors. In this review, I present several already recognized as well as novel methods of the priming process called priming, resulting in the so-called "primed state" of the plant organism. Primed plants have a higher capability of surviving and developing under stress, and become, at least temporarily, tolerant to stress factors. In this review, several already recognized as well as novel methods of priming plants towards tolerance to metallic stress are discussed, with attention paid to similarities in priming mechanisms activated by the most versatile priming agents. This knowledge could contribute to the development of priming mixtures to counteract negative effects of multi-metallic and multi-abiotic stresses. Presentation of mechanisms is complemented with information on the genes regulated by priming towards metallic stress tolerance. Novel compounds and techniques that can be exploited in priming experiments are also summarized.
应对与有毒元素存在相关的环境胁迫是植物生产中最重要的挑战之一。大多数植物物种会因接触金属和类金属的有毒浓度（主要是铝、砷、镉、铜、汞、镍、铅和锌）而出现发育异常。然而，防御机制会以不同的强度和效率被激活。通过外源处理可以提高防御潜力，从而使植物在胁迫下具有更高的生存和发育能力，并至少在短期内对胁迫因子产生耐受性。在这篇综述中，我介绍了几种已被认可的以及新颖的引发过程方法，即引发作用，从而使植物有机体达到所谓的“引发状态”。处于引发状态的植物在胁迫下具有更高的生存和发育能力，并至少在短期内对胁迫因子产生耐受性。在这篇综述中，讨论了几种已被认可的以及新颖的使植物对金属胁迫产生耐受性的引发方法，并关注了最通用的引发剂激活的引发机制中的相似之处。这些知识有助于开发引发混合物，以抵消多金属和多非生物胁迫的负面影响。文中还补充了关于因引发金属胁迫耐受性而被调控的基因的信息。同时总结了可用于引发实验的新型化合物和技术。
