Askar Hussam, Chen Shengli, Hao Huafang, Yan Xinmin, Ma Lina, Liu Yongsheng, Chu Yuefeng
State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China.
Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt.
Pathogens. 2021 Mar 4;10(3):297. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030297.
causes various chronic inflammatory diseases, including mastitis and bronchopneumonia, in dairy and feed cattle. It has been found to suppress the host immune response during infection, leading to the development of chronic conditions. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that can induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the host. This consists of an inflammatory response in the host that causes pathological immune damage, which is essential for the pathogenic mechanism of . Additionally, can escape host immune system elimination and, thus, cause chronic infection. This is accomplished by preventing phagocytosis and inhibiting key responses, including the neutrophil respiratory burst and the development of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that lead to the creation of an extracellular bactericidal network, in addition to inhibiting monocyte and alveolar macrophage apoptosis and inducing monocytes to produce anti-inflammatory factors, thus inducing the apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), inhibiting their proliferative response and resulting in their invasion. Together, these conditions lead to long-term infection. In terms of the pathogenic mechanism, may invade specific T-cell subsets and induce host generation of exhausted T-cells, which helps it to escape immune clearance. Moreover, the antigen exhibits high-frequency variation in size and expression period, which allows it to avoid activation of the host humoral immune response. This review includes some recent advances in studying the immune response to . These may help to further understand the host immune response against and to develop potential therapeutic approaches to control infection.
它会导致奶牛和肉牛患上各种慢性炎症性疾病，包括乳腺炎和支气管肺炎。已发现它在感染期间会抑制宿主的免疫反应，从而导致慢性病的发展。体外和体内研究均证实，它可在宿主中诱导促炎细胞因子和趋化因子。这在宿主中引发炎症反应，导致病理性免疫损伤，这对于它的致病机制至关重要。此外，它能够逃避宿主免疫系统的清除，从而导致慢性感染。这是通过阻止吞噬作用并抑制关键反应来实现的，这些反应包括中性粒细胞呼吸爆发以及一氧化氮（NO）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的产生，而这些会导致形成细胞外杀菌网络，此外还会抑制单核细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞的凋亡，并诱导单核细胞产生抗炎因子，从而诱导外周血单核细胞（PBMC）凋亡，抑制其增殖反应并导致其被侵袭。这些情况共同导致长期感染。就致病机制而言，它可能侵入特定的T细胞亚群并诱导宿主产生耗竭性T细胞，这有助于它逃避免疫清除。此外，该抗原在大小和表达期方面表现出高频变异，这使其能够避免激活宿主的体液免疫反应。本综述包括了在研究对它的免疫反应方面的一些最新进展。这些可能有助于进一步了解宿主针对它的免疫反应，并开发控制其感染的潜在治疗方法。
