Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
Viruses. 2021 Mar 31;13(4):593. doi: 10.3390/v13040593.
Grapevine leafroll is one of the most widespread and highly destructive grapevine diseases that is responsible for great economic losses to the grape and wine industries throughout the world. Six distinct viruses have been implicated in this disease complex. They belong to three genera, all in the family Closteroviridae. For the sake of convenience, these viruses are named as grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -13). However, their etiological role in the disease has yet to be established. Furthermore, how infections with each GLRaV induce the characteristic disease symptoms remains unresolved. Here, we first provide a brief overview on each of these GLRaVs with a focus on genome structure, expression strategies and gene functions, where available. We then provide a review on the effects of GLRaV infection on the physiology, fruit quality, fruit chemical composition, and gene expression of grapevine based on the limited information so far reported in the literature. We outline key methodologies that have been used to study how GLRaV infections alter gene expression in the grapevine host at the transcriptomic level. Finally, we present a working model as an initial attempt to explain how infections with GLRaVs lead to the characteristic symptoms of grapevine leafroll disease: leaf discoloration and downward rolling. It is our hope that this review will serve as a starting point for grapevine virology and the related research community to tackle this vastly important and yet virtually uncharted territory in virus-host interactions involving woody and perennial fruit crops.
葡萄卷叶病是最广泛和极具破坏性的葡萄病害之一，对全球的葡萄和葡萄酒产业造成了巨大的经济损失。有六种不同的病毒与这种病害复合有关。它们属于三个属，均属于杆状病毒科。为了方便起见，这些病毒被命名为葡萄卷叶伴随病毒（GLRaV-1、-2、-3、-4、-7 和 -13）。然而，它们在病害中的病因作用尚未确定。此外，每种 GLRaV 的感染如何引起特征性的病害症状仍未解决。在这里，我们首先简要概述了这些 GLRaV 中的每一种，重点介绍了基因组结构、表达策略和基因功能（如有）。然后，我们根据目前文献中有限的报道，综述了 GLRaV 感染对葡萄的生理学、果实品质、果实化学成分和基因表达的影响。我们概述了用于研究 GLRaV 感染如何在转录组水平上改变葡萄宿主基因表达的关键方法。最后，我们提出了一个工作模型，作为解释 GLRaV 感染如何导致葡萄卷叶病特征性症状的初步尝试：叶片变色和向下卷曲。我们希望本综述能为葡萄病毒学和相关研究领域提供一个起点，以解决涉及木本和多年生水果作物的病毒-宿主相互作用这一极其重要但尚未探索的领域。
