Sim Wonjin, Choi Sol, Choo Gyojin, Yang Mihee, Park Ju-Hyun, Oh Jeong-Eun
Education & Research Center for Infrastructure of Smart Ocean City (i-SOC Center), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 5;18(5):2645. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052645.
In this study, the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in raw water and treated water samples obtained from 18 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The ∑OPFR concentrations in the treated water samples (29.5-122 ng/L; median 47.5 ng/L) were lower than those in the raw water (37.7-231 ng/L; median 98.1 ng/L), which indicated the positive removal rates (0-80%) of ∑OPFR in the DWTPs. The removal efficiencies of ∑PFAS in the DWTPs ranged from -200% to 50%, with the ∑PFAS concentrations in the raw water (4.15-154 ng/L; median 32.0 ng/L) being similar to or lower than those in the treated water (4.74-116 ng/L; median 42.2 ng/L). Among OPFR, tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were dominant in both raw water and treated water samples obtained from the DWTPs. The dominant PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)) in the raw water samples were slightly different from those in the treated water samples (PFOA, L-perfluorohexane sulfonate (L-PFHxS), and PFHxA). The 95-percentile daily intakes of ∑OPFR and ∑PFAS via drinking water consumption were estimated to be up to 4.9 ng/kg/d and 0.22 ng/kg/d, respectively. The hazard index values of OPFR and PFAS were lower than 1, suggesting the risks less than known hazardous levels.
在本研究中，对从18个饮用水处理厂（DWTPs）采集的原水和处理后水样中的有机磷酸酯阻燃剂（OPFR）和全氟烷基物质（PFAS）浓度进行了调查。处理后水样中的∑OPFR浓度（29.5 - 122 ng/L；中位数47.5 ng/L）低于原水（37.7 - 231 ng/L；中位数98.1 ng/L），这表明DWTPs对∑OPFR有正去除率（0 - 80%）。DWTPs中∑PFAS的去除效率在 - 200%至50%之间，原水中的∑PFAS浓度（4.15 - 154 ng/L；中位数32.0 ng/L）与处理后水中的浓度（4.74 - 116 ng/L；中位数42.2 ng/L）相似或更低。在OPFR中，三（氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TCIPP）和三（2 - 氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）在DWTPs采集的原水和处理后水样中均占主导地位。原水样品中的主要PFAS（全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟己酸（PFHxA））与处理后水样中的略有不同（处理后水样中有PFOA、L - 全氟己烷磺酸（L - PFHxS）和PFHxA）。通过饮用水摄入的∑OPFR和∑PFAS的95百分位数每日摄入量估计分别高达4.9 ng/kg/d和0.22 ng/kg/d。OPFR和PFAS的危害指数值低于1，表明风险低于已知危险水平。
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