Urquhart-Hay D, McIlwaine J, Stephenson C B
Br J Urol. 1977 Oct;49(5):375-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1977.tb04158.x.
In the re-implantation of a ureter into the bladder, vesico-ureteric reflux can be prevented by a ureteric nipple alone, provided the nipple is at least 1.5 cm long. This eliminates the need for an oblique ureteric entry or a submucosal tunnel. Longer nipples may be used although they may lead to difficulties with catheterisation. Reduction in the length of the nipple frequently occurs later.
在将输尿管重新植入膀胱时，只要输尿管乳头至少1.5厘米长，仅靠输尿管乳头就能防止膀胱输尿管反流。这就无需进行输尿管斜行植入或黏膜下隧道操作。虽然较长的乳头可能会导致插管困难，但仍可使用。乳头长度随后经常会缩短。
