加纳库马西地区人类对新烟碱类农药的接触情况。
Human Exposures to Neonicotinoids in Kumasi, Ghana.
作者信息
Nimako Collins, Ikenaka Yoshinori, Akoto Osei, Bortey-Sam Nesta, Ichise Takahiro, Nakayama Shouta M M, Asante Kwadwo A, Fujioka Kazutoshi, Taira Kumiko, Ishizuka Mayumi
机构信息
Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
出版信息
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2021 Aug;40(8):2306-2318. doi: 10.1002/etc.5065. Epub 2021 Jun 2.
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are now popular in many agricultural systems across Africa; however, the extent of human exposures to NNIs in African countries is scarcely reported. The present study evaluates neonicotinoid exposures in the consumer population of Kumasi, a cosmopolitan city in Ghana. A total of 75 human urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers (nonfarmers, aged 13-80 yr) and analyzed with a liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry system. Seven NNIs and 3 NNI metabolites were detected in the following pattern (frequency, median concentration, maximum concentration): N-dm-acetamiprid (94.7%, 0.41 µg/L, 8.79 µg/L) > imidacloprid (70.7%, 0.15 µg/L, 211.62 µg/L) > N-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-ethyl-N'-methylformamidine (62.2%, 0.43 µg/L, 53.85 µg/L) > 2-[N-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-ethylamino]-2-(methylimino)acetic acid (56.8%, 0.10 µg/L, 3.53 µg/L) > clothianidin (40%, >limit of quantification [LOQ], 0.45 µg/L) > nitenpyram (18.7%, >LOQ, 0.14 µg/L) ≈ thiamethoxam (18.7%, >LOQ, 0.21 µg/L) > dinotefuran (12.0%, >LOQ, 1.01 µg/L) > acetamiprid (2.7%, >LOQ, 0.08 µg/L) ≈ thiacloprid (2.7%, >LOQ, 0.14 µg/L). Approximately 92% of the subjects were found to be exposed to multiple neonicotinoids simultaneously. The mean, median, and maximum imidacloprid equivalent of the relative potency factor of NNIs were found to be 1.6, 0.5, and 22.52, respectively. The median estimated daily intakes of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and nitenpyram were 0.47, 1.27, and 0.02 µg/kg/d for females and 0.91, 0.66, and 0.08 µg/kg/d for males, respectively. The maximum daily intakes of all the NNIs were <1% of their chronic reference doses (cRfDs), except for imidacloprid and thiacloprid which recorded maximum daily intakes corresponding to 17.97 and 8.28% of cRfDs, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first biomonitoring report on neonicotinoid insecticides in Africa. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2306-2318. © 2021 SETAC.
新烟碱类杀虫剂（NNIs）目前在非洲许多农业系统中广泛使用；然而，非洲国家人类接触NNIs的程度鲜有报道。本研究评估了加纳国际化大都市库马西消费者群体中新烟碱类杀虫剂的接触情况。从健康志愿者（非农民，年龄在13至80岁之间）中总共采集了75份人类尿液样本，并使用液相色谱电喷雾电离串联质谱系统进行分析。检测到七种NNIs和三种NNI代谢物，其分布模式如下（频率、中位数浓度、最大浓度）：N - 去甲基 - 啶虫脒（94.7%，0.41μg/L，8.79μg/L）＞吡虫啉（70.7%，0.15μg/L，211.62μg/L）＞N - （6 - 氯 - 3 - 吡啶甲基） - N - 乙基 - N' - 甲基甲脒（62.2%，0.43μg/L，53.85μg/L）＞2 - [N - （6 - 氯 - 3 - 吡啶甲基） - N - 乙氨基] - 2 - （甲基亚氨基）乙酸（56.8%，0.10μg/L，3.53μg/L）＞噻虫胺（40%，高于定量限[LOQ]，0.45μg/L）＞烯啶虫胺（18.7%，高于LOQ，0.14μg/L）≈噻虫嗪（18.7%，高于LOQ，0.21μg/L）＞呋虫胺（12.0%，高于LOQ，1.01μg/L）＞啶虫脒（2.7%，高于LOQ，0.08μg/L）≈噻虫啉（2.7%，高于LOQ，0.14μg/L）。约92%的受试者被发现同时接触多种新烟碱类杀虫剂。NNIs相对效力因子的吡虫啉当量的平均值、中位数和最大值分别为1.6、0.5和22.52。女性对啶虫脒、吡虫啉和烯啶虫胺的估计每日摄入量中位数分别为0.47、1.27和0.02μg/kg/天，男性分别为0.91、0.66和0.08μg/kg/天。除吡虫啉和噻虫啉的最大每日摄入量分别相当于慢性参考剂量（cRfDs）的17.97%和8.28%外，所有NNIs的最大每日摄入量均低于其cRfDs的1%。据我们所知，本研究是非洲关于新烟碱类杀虫剂的首份生物监测报告。《环境毒理学与化学》2021年；40：2306 - 2318。© 2021 SETAC。
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