U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Apr;235:1022-1029. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.013. Epub 2018 Jan 19.
To better characterize the transport of neonicotinoid insecticides to the world's largest freshwater ecosystem, monthly samples (October 2015-September 2016) were collected from 10 major tributaries to the Great Lakes, USA. For the monthly tributary samples, neonicotinoids were detected in every month sampled and five of the six target neonicotinoids were detected. At least one neonicotinoid was detected in 74% of the monthly samples with up to three neonicotinoids detected in an individual sample (10% of all samples). The most frequently detected neonicotinoid was imidacloprid (53%), followed by clothianidin (44%), thiamethoxam (22%), acetamiprid (2%), and dinotefuran (1%). Thiacloprid was not detected in any samples. The maximum concentration for an individual neonicotinoid was 230 ng L and the maximum total neonicotinoids in an individual sample was 400 ng L. The median detected individual neonicotinoid concentrations ranged from non-detect to 10 ng L. The detections of clothianidin and thiamethoxam significantly increased as the percent of cultivated crops in the basins increased (ρ = 0.73, P = .01; ρ = 0.66, P = .04, respectively). In contrast, imidacloprid detections significantly increased as the percent of the urbanization in the basins increased (ρ = 0.66, P = .03). Neonicotinoid concentrations generally increased in spring through summer coinciding with the planting of neonicotinoid-treated seeds and broadcast applications of neonicotinoids. More spatially intensive samples were collected in an agriculturally dominated basin (8 sites along the Maumee River, Ohio) twice during the spring, 2016 planting season to provide further information on neonicotinoid inputs to the Great Lakes. Three neonicotinoids were ubiquitously detected (clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam) in all water samples collected within this basin. Maximum individual neonicotinoid concentrations was 330 ng L and maximum total neonicotinoid concentration was 670 ng L; median detected individual neonicotinoid concentrations were 7.0 to 39 ng L.
为了更好地描述新烟碱类杀虫剂在世界上最大的淡水生态系统中的传输情况，我们于 2015 年 10 月至 2016 年 9 月从美国的 10 条大湖主要支流每月采集一次样本。在每月的支流样本中，每个月都检测到了新烟碱类杀虫剂，并且检测到了六种目标新烟碱类杀虫剂中的五种。在 74%的月度样本中至少检测到了一种新烟碱类杀虫剂，在一个样本中最多检测到了三种新烟碱类杀虫剂（占所有样本的 10%）。最常检测到的新烟碱类杀虫剂是吡虫啉（53%），其次是噻虫胺（44%）、噻虫啉（22%）、乙酰甲胺磷（2%）和噻虫嗪（1%）。噻虫啉在任何样本中均未检出。个别新烟碱类杀虫剂的最高浓度为 230ng/L，个别样本中总新烟碱类杀虫剂的最高浓度为 400ng/L。检测到的个别新烟碱类杀虫剂浓度范围从未检出到 10ng/L 不等。随着流域中耕地比例的增加，噻虫胺和噻虫啉的检出率显著增加（ρ=0.73，P=0.01；ρ=0.66，P=0.04）。相比之下，随着流域城市化程度的增加，吡虫啉的检出率显著增加（ρ=0.66，P=0.03）。新烟碱类杀虫剂的浓度通常在春季到夏季期间随着新烟碱类杀虫剂处理种子的种植和新烟碱类杀虫剂的撒播应用而增加。在 2016 年春季种植季节，在一个以农业为主的流域（俄亥俄州的莫米河 8 个站点）两次采集了更多空间密集的样本，以提供有关新烟碱类杀虫剂输入大湖的进一步信息。在这个流域内采集的所有水样中都普遍检测到了三种新烟碱类杀虫剂（噻虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫啉）。个别新烟碱类杀虫剂的最高浓度为 330ng/L，总新烟碱类杀虫剂的最高浓度为 670ng/L；检测到的个别新烟碱类杀虫剂的中位数浓度为 7.0 至 39ng/L。
