Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Environ Monit Assess. 2021 Apr 7;193(5):249. doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-09035-9.
This study presents the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of multiclass illicit drugs (cocainoids, opiates, amphetamines, and cannabinoids) and psychoactive pharmaceuticals (anxiolytics, hypnotics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antiparkinsonian), in municipal wastewater. The analytical method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The recoveries (%) for the majority of the analytes ranged between 70 and 120%, while the method showed good repeatability (2.4-29.2%). The limits of detection (LOD) of the method ranged between 0.8 and 9.4 ng L. The method was implemented on influent and effluent samples from Thessaloniki (N. Greece) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and it revealed the daily presence of benzoylecgonine (BEG) (84.0-202.2 ng L), methadone (12.3-17.5 ng L), 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) (80.3-171.9 ng L), morphine (144.2-264.3 ng L), and 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) (5.8-12.0 ng L) in the influent samples of WWTP. Clozapine (101.6-315.5 ng L), quetiapine (33.5-109.7 ng L), and fluoxetine (20.9-124.4 ng L) were pharmaceutical psychotics with the highest concentration in the influents. Back calculation estimated that the daily consumption of cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and methadone was 36-95, 86-164, 2300-5400, and 8-12 mg day per 1000 inhabitants, respectively. The consumption was estimated between 7-16 and 15 mg day per 1000 inhabitants for methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), respectively.
本研究提出了一种同时测定城市废水中多类非法药物（可卡因类、阿片类、苯丙胺类和大麻类）和精神药物（苯二氮䓬类、镇静催眠药、抗精神病药、抗抑郁药和抗帕金森病药）的分析方法。该分析方法在特异性、线性、精密度和准确度方面均经过验证。大多数分析物的回收率（%）在 70-120%之间，方法重复性良好（2.4-29.2%）。该方法的检出限（LOD）在 0.8-9.4ng/L 之间。该方法应用于希腊塞萨洛尼基市废水处理厂（WWTP）的进水和出水样品，结果显示每天均存在苯甲酰古柯碱（BEG）（84.0-202.2ng/L）、美沙酮（12.3-17.5ng/L）、11-去甲-9-羧基-Δ-四氢大麻酚（THC-COOH）（80.3-171.9ng/L）、吗啡（144.2-264.3ng/L）和 6-单乙酰吗啡（6-MAM）（5.8-12.0ng/L）。氯氮平（101.6-315.5ng/L）、喹硫平（33.5-109.7ng/L）和氟西汀（20.9-124.4ng/L）是浓度最高的精神类药物。反向计算估计，可卡因、海洛因、大麻和美沙酮的日消耗量分别为 36-95、86-164、2300-5400 和 8-12mg/1000 人/天。MDEA（15mg/1000 人/天）和 3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺（MDMA）（7-16mg/1000 人/天）的日消耗量分别为 15mg/1000 人/天和 15mg/1000 人/天。
