Phononics of Graphene Interfaced with Flowing Ionic Fluid: An Avenue for High Spatial Resolution Flow Sensor Applications.

While ionic flow over graphenic structures creates electromotive potential, there is a need to understand the local carrier density induced in graphene without any electrode-induced Fermi-level pinning. Here, we show the electrolyte-flow induced localized doping in graphene inspecting its Raman phononic energy. Graphene's Fermi energy level has a logarithmic dependence to the flow velocity over 2 orders of magnitude of velocity (∼100 μm s to 10 mm s). A theoretical model of the electric double layer (EDL) during ionic transport is used to correlate the Fermi level of graphene with the flow rate and the electronic structure (HOMO-LUMO levels) of the ionic species. This correlation can allow us to use graphene as a reliable, non-invasive, optical flow-sensor, where the flow rates can be measured at high spatial resolution for several lab-on-a-chip applications.