Tobramycin Adaptation Enhances Policing of Social Cheaters in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasR-LasI (LasR-I) quorum sensing system regulates secreted proteases that can be exploited by cheaters, such as quorum sensing receptor-defective () mutants. mutants emerge in populations growing on casein as a sole source of carbon and energy. These mutants are exploitative cheaters because they avoid the substantial cost of engaging in quorum sensing. Previous studies showed that quorum sensing increases resistance to some antibiotics, such as tobramycin. Here, we show that tobramycin suppressed the emergence of mutants in casein-passaged populations. Several mutations accumulated in those populations, indicating evidence of antibiotic adaptation. We found that mutations in one gene, increased antibiotic resistance and also pleiotropically increased production of a quorum sensing-controlled phenazine, pyocyanin. When passaged on casein, mutants suppressed cheaters in a manner that was tobramycin independent. We found that the mechanism of cheater suppression in mutants relied on pyocyanin, which acts as a policing toxin by selectively blocking growth of cheaters. Thus, tobramycin suppresses mutants through two mechanisms: first, through direct effects on cheaters and, second, by selecting mutations in that suppressed cheating in a tobramycin-independent manner. This work demonstrates how adaptive mutations can alter the dynamics of cooperator-cheater relationships, which might be important for populations adapting to antibiotics during interspecies competition or infections. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a model for understanding quorum sensing, a type of cell-cell signaling important for cooperation. Quorum sensing controls production of cooperative goods, such as exoenzymes, which are vulnerable to cheating by quorum sensing-defective mutants. Because uncontrolled cheating can ultimately cause a population to collapse, much focus has been on understanding how P. aeruginosa can control cheaters. We show that an antibiotic, tobramycin, can suppress cheaters in cooperating P. aeruginosa populations. Tobramycin suppresses cheaters directly because the cheaters are more susceptible to tobramycin than cooperators. Tobramycin also selects for mutations in a gene, that suppresses cheaters independent of tobramycin through pleiotropic regulation of a policing toxin, pyocyanin. This work supports the idea that adaptation to antibiotics can have unexpected effects on the evolution of quorum sensing and has implications for understanding how cooperation evolves in dynamic bacterial communities.