Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Prog Neurobiol. 2021 Jul;202:102051. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102051. Epub 2021 Apr 9.
To form and maintain extremely intricate and functional neural circuitry, mammalian neurons are typically endowed with highly arborized dendrites and a long axon. The synapses that link neurons to neurons or to other cells are numerous and often too remote for the cell body to make and deliver new proteins to the right place in time. Moreover, synapses undergo continuous activity-dependent changes in their number and strength, establishing the basis of neural plasticity. The innate dilemma is then how a highly complex neuron provides new proteins for its cytoplasmic periphery and individual synapses to support synaptic plasticity. Here, we review a growing body of evidence that local protein synthesis in discrete sites of the axon and presynaptic terminals plays crucial roles in synaptic plasticity, and that deregulation of this local translation system is implicated in various pathologies of the nervous system.
为了形成和维持极其复杂和功能齐全的神经回路，哺乳动物神经元通常具有高度分支的树突和长轴突。连接神经元或神经元与其他细胞的突触数量众多，而且往往离细胞体太远，无法及时将新的蛋白质送到正确的位置。此外，突触的数量和强度会持续发生活性依赖性变化，从而建立神经可塑性的基础。那么，一个高度复杂的神经元如何为其细胞质周围和单个突触提供新的蛋白质以支持突触可塑性，这就是内在的困境。在这里，我们回顾了越来越多的证据，证明轴突和突触前末梢的离散部位的局部蛋白质合成在突触可塑性中起着关键作用，而这种局部翻译系统的失调与神经系统的各种病变有关。
