Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Aug;28(32):44565-44579. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13896-5. Epub 2021 Apr 14.
Size-fractionated samples were collected at five coastal urban sites in Fujian Province, southeast China, in 2016 and 2017 to determine the trace elements using ICP-MS. Ca, Fe, Al, Mg, and K were the most abundant elements among the studied elements in TSP, much higher than those of heavy metals. The annual mean concentrations of Pb, As, V, Ni, Cd, and Mn were within the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China while Cr(VI) exceeded the limits. Most elements exhibited clear seasonal patterns with maxima over the cold season and minima over the warm season. The spatial variabilities in concentrations of the measured elements were not significant except Ni and V. However, the size distribution pattern of each element was quite similar across the region. Characteristic size distributions of elements allowed identification of three main groups: (a) unimodal distribution in the coarse fraction for Ca, Al, Mg, and Ba; (b) unimodal distribution in the fine fraction for Pb, Se, As, Ag, V, Ni, Zn, and Cd; and (c) bimodal or multimodal distribution for Fe, Mn, Cr, K, and Cu. The combination of the size-fractionated concentrations, enrichment factors, correlation coefficients, and factor analysis offered the identification of mixed sources such as vehicular exhaust and wear, heavy fuel oil combustion, and resuspension of road dust. Non-carcinogenic health risks associated with inhalable exposure to airborne metals were higher than the safety threshold (hazard index > 1) across the region, suggesting non-carcinogenic health risks via inhalation. Mn, V, and Ni contributed 74-83% of the total non-carcinogenic risk. The assessment investigation of carcinogenic health risks revealed V and Cr(VI) as elements with the largest carcinogenic risks, accounting for more than 95% of the overall inhalation risk. Nevertheless, the carcinogenic risks for children and adults were between 10 and 10, within the range considered acceptable by the US EPA. In terms of the size-fractionated risk, PM contributed 43-50% and 39-44% of the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively, indicating the potential health hazard of coarse particle-bound toxic metals was not negligible.
于 2016 年和 2017 年在中国东南福建省的五个沿海城市采集了按粒径分级的样本，并用 ICP-MS 来测定微量元素。在 TSP 中，Ca、Fe、Al、Mg 和 K 是含量最丰富的元素，远高于重金属元素。Pb、As、V、Ni、Cd 和 Mn 的年平均浓度均在世界卫生组织和中国生态环境部的可接受范围内，而 Cr(VI)则超过了这一限制。大多数元素表现出明显的季节性模式，冬季浓度最高，夏季浓度最低。除 Ni 和 V 外，所测元素的浓度空间变异性不显著。然而，各元素的粒径分布模式在整个区域内非常相似。元素的特征粒径分布可将其分为三个主要组：(a)粗颗粒中 Ca、Al、Mg 和 Ba 呈单峰分布；(b)细颗粒中 Pb、Se、As、Ag、V、Ni、Zn 和 Cd 呈单峰分布；(c)Fe、Mn、Cr、K 和 Cu 呈双峰或多峰分布。按粒径分级的浓度、富集因子、相关系数和因子分析相结合，可识别出混合来源，如机动车尾气和磨损、重燃料油燃烧以及道路扬尘的再悬浮。整个地区空气中可吸入金属暴露的非致癌健康风险均高于安全阈值（危害指数>1），表明通过吸入途径存在非致癌健康风险。Mn、V 和 Ni 对总非致癌风险的贡献率为 74-83%。致癌健康风险评估显示，V 和 Cr(VI)是致癌风险最大的元素，占总吸入风险的 95%以上。然而，儿童和成人的致癌风险均在 10 到 10 之间，处于美国环保署可接受的范围内。就粒径分级风险而言，PM 对总非致癌和致癌风险的贡献率分别为 43-50%和 39-44%，表明粗颗粒结合的有毒金属对健康的潜在危害不容忽视。
