Spatial and temporal determinants of directionally selective velocity preference in cat striate cortex neurons.

1. Direction-selective properties of neurons in cat striate cortex (area 17) were studied with flashed and continuously moving bar stimuli. Receptive fields were characterized by measurement of static and dynamic parameters, which were correlated with the velocity preference exhibited by the same cells. 2. Each neuron was found to be direction selective to a limited range of velocities. This behavior was characterized by measuring the optimal velocity (Vopt) to elicit responses in the preferred and null directions that were maximally distinct. 3. A bar stimulus flashed sequentially at two nearby locations in the receptive field also produced direction-selective behavior, which was characterized by an optimal displacement (Dopt) to drive maximally distinct responses in the preferred versus null directions. 4. The static spatial receptive field properties were quantified by measurement of the receptive field size (2 sigma) and the spatial subunit wavelength (lambda). The latter quantity was measured as twice the separation between adjacent ON and OFF regions in simple cells and as twice the optimal separation for lateral inhibition between two simultaneously flashed bars in complex cells. 5. Direction-selective velocity preference for continuously moving stimuli, Vopt, was found to be highly correlated with lambda and with the Dopt for 2-flash motion; Vopt was also correlated to a lesser degree with 2 sigma. These results suggest a fundamental linkage between spatial frequency preference, velocity preference, and spatial tuning to 2-flash motion. 6. The range of measured direction-selective velocity preference values (Vopt) spanned about a 100-fold range, whereas the corresponding values of Dopt or lambda spanned substantially smaller ranges. This discrepancy suggested that the dynamic range of velocity preference among cortical neurons might be determined jointly by the measured spatial properties and by a temporal property that covaries with the measured spatial properties. 7. Temporal properties of striate cortical neurons were assessed from responses to flashed stimuli having a prolonged duration ("step responses"). Neurons typically responded in the following manner: after some latency (L), a transient rise in spike frequency occurred, which then adapted to some sustained level. The adaptation dynamics (extent of sustained vs. transient behavior) were quantified by the first-order time constant (AT) of the adaptation decay, and by the ratio of initial transient rise to final sustained level [adaptation ratio (AR)].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)