Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Jul;139:111588. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111588. Epub 2021 Apr 14.
Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals. The prolonged exposure of it can lead to severe alterations and damage in different tissues including blood, liver, kidney and brain. Eugenol, a phenolic compound, is present in various aromatic plants. It acts as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the treatment of eugenol is beneficial against the hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation induced by Cd.
To study the effect of eugenol in reversal of Cd toxicity, 24 albino rats were equally divided into four different groups: G Control (saline), G Eugenol (3 mg kg), G CdCl (5 mg kg) and G CdCl + Eugenol (5 mg kg + 3 mg kg). All the groups were treated with gavage orally for the period of 21 days. After this treatment period, rats were sacrificed and liver tissues were removed. The hepatic antioxidant status was evaluated by measuring the activities of SOD, Catalase and GST enzymes. The reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl oxidation (PCO) and thiol contents were measured in hepatic tissues. The activities of liver marker enzymes such as ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, TP, albumin, Bilirubin content and LDH were determined to assess the hepatic damage in different groups. Cd induced hepatic inflammation was determined by evaluating the levels of TNF-a, IL-6 and NO.
Oral intoxication of Cd for 21 days significantly elevated the level of hepatic markers including activities of LDH, GGT, ALP, ALT, AST and Bilirubin level. The albumin content, reduced GSH level, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly reduced in Cd treated group. The levels of inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in Cd treated group. The eugenol treatment was very effective and it significantly reversed the Cd induced biochemical alterations almost similar to that of control.
The results demonstrated that the eugenol possessed very strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potential. The co-treatment of eugenol with Cd exhibited protective potential of eugenol against Cd induced toxicity. Eugenol was able to improve the cellular redox system in rats treated with Cd.
镉是毒性最强的重金属之一。长期接触镉会导致血液、肝脏、肾脏和大脑等不同组织发生严重的改变和损伤。丁香酚是一种存在于各种芳香植物中的酚类化合物，具有天然抗氧化剂和抗炎作用。本研究旨在探讨丁香酚治疗是否有利于逆转镉引起的肝氧化应激和炎症。
为了研究丁香酚对镉毒性的逆转作用，将 24 只白化大鼠等分为 4 组：G 对照组（生理盐水）、G 丁香酚组（3mg/kg）、G CdCl 组（5mg/kg）和 G CdCl+丁香酚组（5mg/kg+3mg/kg）。所有组均经口灌胃 21 天。治疗结束后处死大鼠，取肝脏组织。通过测量 SOD、Catalase 和 GST 酶的活性来评估肝抗氧化状态。测量肝组织中的还原型谷胱甘肽、脂质过氧化、蛋白羰基氧化（PCO）和巯基含量。测定 ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、TP、白蛋白、胆红素含量和 LDH 等肝标志物酶的活性，以评估各组肝损伤情况。通过评估 TNF-a、IL-6 和 NO 的水平来确定 Cd 诱导的肝炎症。
连续 21 天口服 Cd 可显著升高肝标志物的水平，包括 LDH、GGT、ALP、ALT、AST 和胆红素水平。Cd 处理组的白蛋白含量、还原型 GSH 水平和抗氧化酶活性显著降低。Cd 处理组的炎症标志物水平显著升高。丁香酚治疗非常有效，几乎可以完全逆转 Cd 引起的生化改变，与对照组相似。
结果表明，丁香酚具有很强的抗氧化和抗炎潜力。丁香酚与 Cd 联合治疗表现出对 Cd 诱导毒性的保护作用。丁香酚能够改善 Cd 处理大鼠的细胞氧化还原系统。
