Seasonal changes in root and soil respiration of ozone-exposed ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) grown in different substrates.

Exposure to ozone (O ) has been shown to decrease the allocation of carbon to tree roots. Decreased allocation of carbon to roots might disrupt root metabolism and rhizosphere organisms. The effects of soil type and shoot O exposure on below-ground respiration and soil microbial populations were investigated using container-grown ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) growing in a low-nutrient soil, or a fertilizer-amended organic potting media, and exposed to one of three levels of O for two growing seasons in open-top exposure chambers. A closed system, designed to measure below-ground respiratory activity (CO production, O consumption and RQ-Respiration Quotient; (CO :0 ) of plants growing in pots, was used monthly to monitor below-ground respiration of 3-yr-old ponderosa pine. Although seasonal differences were detected, CO production (μmol h g total root d. wt), O consumption (μmol h g total root d. wt) and RQ (CO :O ) increased with increasing O exposure level. Seasonal patterns showed increased respiration rates during periods of rapid root growth in spring and early fall. Respiration quotient tended to decrease during known periods of active root growth in control seedlings, but a similar response was not observed in O -treated seedlings. Responses to O3 were greatest in the soil-grown plants, which had a lower fertility level than media-grown plants. Although root d. wt was decreased, root: shoot ratios did not change in response to O . Soil-grown plants had higher root-shoot ratios than media-grown plants, reflecting the lower fertility of the soil. Plant exposure to O was found to affect both active and total populations of soil organisms. In both organic potting media and in soil, biomass of active soil fungi, and the ratio of active-fungal to active-bacterial biomass increased with increasing plant exposure to O . The effect of O on total fungal and bacterial biomass was not linear: at low O levels, total fungal and bacterial biomass increased; at the high O level, total fungal and bacterial biomass decreased compared with those of controls. Our results show that O exposure to shoots significantly disrupts CO production and O consumption of soil and roots of ponderosa pine seedlings. Below-ground respiratory differences were thought to be a result of changes in respiratory substrates, carbon refixation within the plant and soil microbial activity. Ozone also changes below-ground RQ, suggesting that O substantially disrupts root metabolism and interactions with rhizosphere organisms. Ozone exposure of ponderosa pine grown in different soil types can disrupt below-ground respiration and influence populations of soil organisms without alteration of biomass partitioning between above- and below-ground plant components. Collectively, the effect of O on the below-ground system is of concern since it is likely that these changes are accompanied by a change in the ability of root systems to acquire nutrient and water resources and possibly to synthesize amino acids and proteins necessary for normal plant function.