The effect of different contraceptive methods on the vaginal microbiome.

: Following a historical overview, the effect of different contraceptive methods on vaginal microbiome has been reviewed and summarized.: Effects of combined hormonal contraceptives (oral or vaginal) and of progestin only (injectable and implantable), intrauterine devices/systems (copper- or levonorgestrel-releasing), on vaginal microbiome. In addition, mention is made of vaginal rings releasing antiviral drugs and lactic acid.: The vaginal microbiota (VM) is unique in that it is normally dominated by species providing a degree of protection against infections; this however may vary, depending on the species and strains of . Bacterial Vaginosis represents the most common dysbiosis of the VM and its prevalence can be influenced by use of contraception. Available evidence indicates that, under the influence of oral or systemically administered female sex hormones, there is apromotion of vaginal eubiosis, with aprevalence of ahealthy VM in which predominate.