Hasan S, Ayres P G
CSIRO Biological Control Unit, 335, Avenue Abbe Paul Parguel, 34090-Montpellier, France.
Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LAI 4YQ, U.K.
New Phytol. 1990 Jun;115(2):201-222. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00447.x.
The biocontrol of weeds by the introduction of exotic fungi (the classical method) has proved successful, most notably in the control of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea) in the wheat belt of Australia by the introduced rust, Puccinia chondrillina. There is now increasing interest in an alternative, inundative, method of weed control in which the target is controlled by a massive inoculation with a host-specific indigenous fungal pathogen. It is proposed that through an increased understanding of host - parasite interactions, in particular the enzymes and toxins that fungi use to disrupt the structure and function of weeds, screening of naturally occurring pathogens can be made more efficient. It should be possible in the immediate future to improve the efficacy of many host-specific pathogens that currently cause little injury. In the longer term, changes in host specificity may be achieved through the techniques of genetic engineering. Meanwhile, improved formulation and methods of application can improve the range and reliability of mycoherbicides. The use of integrated control methods in which fungi are used in pairs, or in combination with either reduced rates of chemical herbicides or with arthropods, also offers hope for development. Studies of competition between plants of different species show that stunting of the weed, rather than complete kill, may be sufficient to protect crop growth. Two mycoherbicides have been successfully used in the field for almost ten years; in the next ten years we may expect to see a rapid increase in their number. CONTENTS Summary 201 I. Introduction 202 II. Principles 202 III. Successful programmes 206 IV. Prospects 211 V. Conclusions 217 References 218.
通过引入外来真菌对杂草进行生物防治（经典方法）已被证明是成功的，最显著的例子是在澳大利亚小麦带通过引入锈菌柄锈菌（Puccinia chondrillina）来防治粉苞苣（Chondrilla juncea）。现在人们对另一种淹没式杂草防治方法越来越感兴趣，即通过大量接种宿主特异性本土真菌病原体来控制目标杂草。有人提出，通过加深对宿主 - 寄生物相互作用的理解，特别是真菌用于破坏杂草结构和功能的酶和毒素，对天然存在的病原体的筛选可以更高效。在不久的将来，应该有可能提高许多目前造成轻微损害的宿主特异性病原体的效力。从长远来看，宿主特异性的改变可以通过基因工程技术来实现。同时，改进配方和施用方法可以提高真菌除草剂的范围和可靠性。使用真菌成对使用，或与降低化学除草剂用量或与节肢动物结合使用的综合防治方法，也为发展带来了希望。对不同物种植物之间竞争的研究表明，使杂草生长受阻而不是完全杀死，可能足以保护作物生长。两种真菌除草剂已经在田间成功使用了近十年；在未来十年，我们可能会看到它们的数量迅速增加。目录摘要201 一、引言202 二、原理202 三、成功案例206 四、前景211 五、结论217 参考文献218 。
