Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France.
Harmful Algae. 2021 Feb;102:101848. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101848. Epub 2020 Jul 6.
Similarities and differences between Australia and New Zealand in Harmful Algal species occurrences and Harmful Algal Events impacting on human society (HAEDAT) are reported and factors that explain their differences explored. Weekly monitoring of harmful phytoplankton and biotoxins commenced in Australia in 1986 and in New Zealand in 1993. Anecdotal historic HAB records in both countries are also catalogued. In Australia, unprecedented highly toxic Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)-producing blooms of Alexandrium catenella have impacted the seafood industry along the 200 km east coast of Tasmania from 2012 to present. Toxic blooms in 1986-1993 by Gymnodinium catenatum in Tasmania were effectively mitigated by closing the affected area for shellfish farming, while a bloom by this same species in 2000 in New Zealand caused significant economic damage from restrictions on the movement of greenshell mussel spat. The biggest biotoxin event in New Zealand was an unexpected outbreak of Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) in 1993 in Hauraki Gulf (putatively due to Karenia cf. mikimotoi) with 180 reported cases of human poisonings as well as reports of respiratory irritation north of Auckland. Strikingly, NSP never recurred in New Zealand since and no NSP events have ever been reported in Australia. In New Zealand, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) was the predominant seafood toxin syndrome, while in Australia Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) was the major reported seafood toxin syndrome, while no CFP has been recorded from consumption of New Zealand fish. In Australia, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) illnesses were recorded from two related outbreaks in 1997/98 following consumption of beach harvested clams (pipis) from a previously non-monitored area, whereas in New Zealand limited DSP illnesses are known. No human illnesses from Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) have been reported in either Australia or New Zealand. Selected examples of HABs appearing and disappearing (NSP in New Zealand, Alexandrium catenella in Tasmania), species expanding their ranges (Noctiluca, Gambierdiscus), and reputed ballast water introductions (Gymnodinium catenatum) are discussed. Eutrophication has rarely been invoked as a cause except for confined estuaries and fish ponds and estuarine cyanobacterial blooms. No trend in the number of HAEDAT events from 1985 to 2018 was discernible.
报告了澳大利亚和新西兰在有害藻类物种出现和影响人类社会的有害藻类事件（HAEDAT）方面的相似点和不同点，并探讨了解释这些差异的因素。澳大利亚于 1986 年开始每周监测有害浮游植物和生物毒素，新西兰于 1993 年开始每周监测。两国也对历史上有害赤潮的记录进行了编目。在澳大利亚，从 2012 年至今，塔斯马尼亚东海岸 200 公里长的海域中，前所未有的剧毒麻痹性贝类毒素（PST）产生的亚历山大藻大量繁殖，对海鲜产业造成了影响。1986-1993 年，塔斯马尼亚的 Gymnodinium catenatum 产生的有毒水华通过关闭贝类养殖场来有效减轻，而 2000 年同一物种在新西兰的水华则因限制绿贻贝幼体的移动而造成了重大的经济损失。新西兰最大的生物毒素事件是 1993 年豪拉基湾意外爆发的神经毒性贝类中毒（NSP）（推测是由于卡列尼娅 cf. mikimotoi），有 180 例人类中毒报告，奥克兰北部也有呼吸道刺激的报告。引人注目的是，自那以后，新西兰再也没有发生过 NSP 事件，澳大利亚也从未报告过 NSP 事件。在新西兰，麻痹性贝类毒素（PSP）是主要的贝类毒素综合征，而在澳大利亚，雪卡鱼中毒（CFP）是主要的贝类毒素综合征，而从未有过因食用新西兰鱼类而导致 CFP 的记录。在澳大利亚，1997/98 年，由于食用以前未监测地区的海滩收获的贻贝（pipis），记录了两起相关的腹泻性贝类中毒（DSP）疾病，而在新西兰，已知的 DSP 疾病有限。澳大利亚和新西兰均未报告过失忆性贝类中毒（ASP）引起的人类疾病。讨论了一些出现和消失的赤潮例子（新西兰的 NSP、塔斯马尼亚的亚历山大藻）、物种范围扩大（夜光藻、冈比亚盘虫）和据称的压载水引入（Gymnodinium catenatum）。除了封闭的河口和鱼塘以及河口蓝藻水华外，富营养化很少被认为是赤潮的原因。从 1985 年到 2018 年，没有发现 HAEDAT 事件数量的趋势。
