Vertical Transmission at the Pathogen-Symbiont Interface: Serratia symbiotica and Aphids.

Many insects possess beneficial bacterial symbionts that occupy specialized host cells and are maternally transmitted. As a consequence of their host-restricted lifestyle, these symbionts often possess reduced genomes and cannot be cultured outside hosts, limiting their study. The bacterial species was originally characterized as noncultured strains that live as mutualistic symbionts of aphids and are vertically transmitted through transovarial endocytosis within the mother's body. More recently, culturable strains of were discovered that retain a larger set of ancestral genes, are gut pathogens in aphid hosts, and are principally transmitted via a fecal-oral route. We find that these culturable strains, when injected into pea aphids, replicate in the hemolymph and are pathogenic. Unexpectedly, they are also capable of maternal transmission via transovarial endocytosis: using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged strains, we observe that pathogenic strains, but not , are endocytosed into early embryos. Furthermore, pathogenic strains are compartmentalized into specialized aphid cells in a fashion similar to that of mutualistic strains during later stages of embryonic development. However, infected embryos do not appear to develop properly, and offspring infected by a transovarial route are not observed. Thus, cultured pathogenic strains of have the latent capacity to transition to lifestyles as mutualistic symbionts of aphid hosts, but persistent vertical transmission is blocked by their pathogenicity. To transition into stably inherited symbionts, culturable strains may need to adapt to regulate their titer, limit their pathogenicity, and/or provide benefits to aphids that outweigh their cost. Insects have evolved various mechanisms to reliably transmit their beneficial bacterial symbionts to the next generation. Sap-sucking insects, including aphids, transmit symbionts by endocytosis of the symbiont into cells of the early embryo within the mother's body. Experimental studies of this process are hampered by the inability to culture or genetically manipulate host-restricted, symbiotic bacteria. is a bacterial species that includes strains ranging from obligate, heritable symbionts to gut pathogens. We demonstrate that culturable strains, which are aphid gut pathogens, can be maternally transmitted. Cultured therefore possesses a latent capacity for evolving a host-restricted lifestyle and can be used to understand the transition from pathogenicity to beneficial symbiosis.