Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
Minerva Pediatr (Torino). 2021 Apr;73(2):115-127. doi: 10.23736/S2724-5276.21.06188-0.
The complex microbial community of the gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in driving development and function of the human immune system. This phenomenon is named the gut microbiome-immune system axis. When operating optimally, this axis influences both innate and adaptive immunity, which orchestrates the maintenance of crucial elements of host-microorganisms symbiosis, in a dialogue that modulates responses in the most beneficial way. Growing evidence reveals some environmental factors which can positively and negatively modulate the gut microbiome-immune system axis with consequences on the body health status. Several conditions which increasingly affect the pediatric age, such as allergies, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, arise from a failure of the gut microbiome-immune system axis. Prenatal or postnatal modulation of this axis through some interventional strategies (including diet, probiotics and postbiotics), may lead to a positive gene-environment interaction with improvement of immune-modulatory effects and final positive effect on human health. In particular probiotics and postbiotics exerting pleiotropic regulatory actions on the gut-microbiome-immune system axis provide an innovative preventive and therapeutic strategy for many pediatric conditions.
肠道微生物组的复杂微生物群落在驱动人体免疫系统的发育和功能方面发挥着根本性作用。这种现象被称为肠道微生物组-免疫系统轴。当该轴最佳运行时，它会影响先天免疫和适应性免疫，协调宿主-微生物共生关系的关键要素的维持，在对话中以最有益的方式调节反应。越来越多的证据表明，一些环境因素可以积极和消极地调节肠道微生物组-免疫系统轴，从而对身体健康状况产生影响。一些越来越影响儿科年龄段的疾病，如过敏、自身免疫和炎症性疾病，是由于肠道微生物组-免疫系统轴的失效而产生的。通过一些干预策略（包括饮食、益生菌和后生元）对该轴进行产前或产后调节，可能会导致基因-环境的积极相互作用，改善免疫调节作用，并最终对人类健康产生积极影响。特别是益生菌和后生元对肠道微生物组-免疫系统轴发挥多效调节作用，为许多儿科疾病提供了一种创新的预防和治疗策略。
