Kidd G R, Greenwald A G
Indiana University.
Am J Psychol. 1988 Summer;101(2):259-79.
In three experiments, subjects attended to one of two simultaneous nine-digit sequences, presented binaurally in different voices (one male, one female). Substantial repetition effects (defined as gains in immediate memory performance for previously presented sequences relative to novel ones) were found for two exposure conditions: (a) one that required reproduction of the full sequence on each exposure (Experiment 1), and (b) one that required recall of a different two-digit subsequence on each exposure (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, the following conditions produced no repetition effects, even though tests had substantial power to detect small effects: 10 consecutive presentations in the unattended voice; 4 prior presentations in a task that required attention to each digit as it was presented (but not to digit order); and 4 prior presentations in a task that required attention to digit order during their presentations. These results, together with those of previous studies, support the conclusion that repetition effects on immediate memory occur only with procedures that encourage covert rehearsal of full-sequence order on each exposure. These findings also limit the generality of others' conclusions that event order is automatically encoded for attended events, and extend previous findings showing unattended exposures to be without effect on recall measures.
在三项实验中，受试者关注两个同时呈现的九位数序列中的一个，这两个序列通过双耳以不同声音呈现（一个男性声音，一个女性声音）。在两种暴露条件下发现了显著的重复效应（定义为与新序列相比，先前呈现序列的即时记忆表现有所提高）：（a）一种是每次暴露都需要完整再现序列的条件（实验1），以及（b）一种是每次暴露都需要回忆不同的两位数子序列的条件（实验2）。在实验3中，以下条件未产生重复效应，尽管测试有很大的能力检测到小的效应：无人关注的声音连续呈现10次；在一项任务中先呈现4次，该任务要求在每个数字呈现时关注该数字（但不关注数字顺序）；以及在一项任务中先呈现4次，该任务要求在呈现过程中关注数字顺序。这些结果与先前研究的结果一起支持了这样的结论，即对即时记忆的重复效应仅在每次暴露时鼓励对完整序列顺序进行隐蔽排练的程序中出现。这些发现还限制了其他人关于事件顺序会自动编码到被关注事件中的结论的普遍性，并扩展了先前的发现，即无人关注的暴露对回忆测量没有影响。
