USDA-APHIS-PPQ MRC-168, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012 USA.
Zootaxa. 2021 Apr 13;4954(1):zootaxa.4954.1.1. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4954.1.1.
The taxonomy of the deltocephaline leafhopper tribe Faltalini (13 genera, 63 species) is revised. A key to all genera and keys to species for each genus are provided. All genera are described and at least one species of each genus is illustrated including images of the habitus, male and female genitalia, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the head, face, and other characters. The new genera Dietrichana n.gen. [type species D. pampas n. sp.] and Paraclorindaia n.gen. [type species P. pinguis n. sp.] are described and the following 36 new species are described: Ackbaria jujuyensis n. sp. [Argentina], A. ojosverdes n. sp. [Argentina], Aequcephalus laplata n. sp. [Chile], Bonamus jussaral n. sp. [Brazil], Clorindaia obrienorum n. sp. [Uruguay], C. otamendi n. sp. [Argentina], Dietrichana pampas n. sp. [Argentina], Faltala catalanoae n. sp. [Argentina, Uruguay], F. paradellae n. sp. [Argentina], F. viscacha n. sp. [Argentina, Uruguay], Hecullus mexicanus n. sp. [Mexico], Kramerana saltensis n. sp. [Argentina], Paraclorindaia pinguis n. sp. [Argentina, Uruguay], P. vesperis n. sp. [Argentina], Tenucephalus admirabilis n. sp. [Argentina], T. bartletti n. sp. [Peru], T. brevilamina n. sp. [Argentina], T. cerrado n. sp. [Brazil], T. ecuadorensis n. sp. [Ecuador], T. flagellifer n. sp. [Peru], T. heppneri n. sp. [Peru], T. iguazu n. sp. [Argentina], T. interstinctus n. sp. [Peru], T. johnsoni n. sp. [Brazil], T. lingulatus n. sp. [Bolivia, Peru], T. manuensis n. sp. [Peru], T. misiones n. sp. [Argentina], T. musettiae n. sp. [Brazil], T. nielsoni n. sp. [Brazil], T. novafriburgo n. sp. [Brazil], T. parana n. sp. [Argentina], T. spectabilis n. sp. [Peru], T. takiyae n. sp. [Brazil, Peru], T. umbrinus n. sp. [Brazil], T. viperinus n. sp. [Argentina], and Virganana danasensis n. sp. [Ecuador]. The new combinations Paraclorindaia brasileira (Zahniser) n.comb. [transferred from Clorindaia] and Tenucephalus amabilis (Linnavuori Heller) n.comb. [transferred from Bonamus] are recognized. A phylogenetic analysis based on 51 morphological characters scored for 42 taxa including two outgroup taxa was performed. The resulting phylogeny resolved Faltalini as monophyletic, but the tribe remains difficult to diagnose because it encompasses a large amount of morphological diversity in characters traditionally used to define tribes of Deltocephalinae including head morphology, wing length and venation, and male genitalia. Despite this diversity, members of the tribe share the following characters: 1) phragma of male genital capsule partly developed into sclerotized plates or setose bulbous lobes (exception: Acrolithus); 2) first valvula shape relatively straight; 3) first valvula dorsal sculpturing separated from dorsal margin by unsculptured band; 4) first valvula dorsal sculpturing pattern maculose, with maculae separate or only slightly overlapping, or granulose; 5) first valvula with distinctly delimited ventral sculptured area; and 6) second valvula without dorsal teeth. Two major clades within the tribe were resolved and strongly supported, consisting of (Bonamus, Tenucephalus) and (Hecalocorica, (Hecullus, (Acrolithus, (Ackbaria, (Aequcephalus, Dietrichana, Virganana, Clorindaia, Faltala (Kramerana, Paraclorindaia)))))). A stepwise evolution of brachyptery in the latter clade is suggested by the phylogeny, beginning with evolution of subbrachypterous females in Hecullus and Acrolithus and culminating in completely brachypterous males and females in the monophyletic "Faltala group" of eight genera. It is hypothesized that a transition from an ancestral forested habitat to an open or grassland habitat facilitated the evolution of brachyptery. The hindwings and associated thoracic structures of eight species of Faltalini and three other Deltocephalinae were imaged with SEM. Brachyptery in Cicadellidae and other insects are briefly reviewed and discussed considering the hypothesis proposed here.
德尔塔菲利尼叶蝉族（13 属，63 种）的分类学进行了修订。提供了所有属的关键和每个属的物种关键。所有属都进行了描述，至少对每个属的一个物种进行了说明，包括形态、雌雄生殖器和头部、面部以及其他特征的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图像。新属 Dietrichana n.gen. [模式种 D. pampas n. sp.] 和 Paraclorindaia n.gen. [模式种 P. pinguis n. sp.] 被描述，以下 36 个新种被描述：Ackbaria jujuyensis n. sp. [阿根廷]、A. ojosverdes n. sp. [阿根廷]、Aequcephalus laplata n. sp. [智利]、Bonamus jussaral n. sp. [巴西]、Clorindaia obrienorum n. sp. [乌拉圭]、C. otamendi n. sp. [阿根廷]、Dietrichana pampas n. sp. [阿根廷]、Faltala catalanoae n. sp. [阿根廷、乌拉圭]、F. paradellae n. sp. [阿根廷]、F. viscacha n. sp. [阿根廷、乌拉圭]、Hecullus mexicanus n. sp. [墨西哥]、Kramerana saltensis n. sp. [阿根廷]、Paraclorindaia pinguis n. sp. [阿根廷、乌拉圭]、P. vesperis n. sp. [阿根廷]、Tenucephalus admirabilis n. sp. [阿根廷]、T. bartletti n. sp. [秘鲁]、T. brevilamina n. sp. [阿根廷]、T. cerrado n. sp. [巴西]、T. ecuadorensis n. sp. [厄瓜多尔]、T. flagellifer n. sp. [秘鲁]、T. heppneri n. sp. [秘鲁]、T. iguazu n. sp. [阿根廷]、T. interstinctus n. sp. [秘鲁]、T. johnsoni n. sp. [巴西]、T. lingulatus n. sp. [玻利维亚、秘鲁]、T. manuensis n. sp. [秘鲁]、T. misiones n. sp. [阿根廷]、T. musettiae n. sp. [巴西]、T. nielsoni n. sp. [巴西]、T. novafriburgo n. sp. [巴西]、T. parana n. sp. [阿根廷]、T. spectabilis n. sp. [秘鲁]、T. takiyae n. sp. [巴西、秘鲁]、T. umbrinus n. sp. [巴西]、T. viperinus n. sp. [阿根廷]和 Virganana danasensis n. sp. [厄瓜多尔]。新组合 Paraclorindaia brasileira (Zahniser) n.comb. [从 Clorindaia 转移]和 Tenucephalus amabilis (Linnavuori Heller) n.comb. [从 Bonamus 转移]得到承认。基于包括两个外群的 42 个分类单元的 51 个形态特征进行了系统发育分析。得到的系统发育树将 Faltalini 解析为单系群，但该科仍然难以定义，因为它包含了大量在传统上用于定义 Deltocephalinae 科的形态特征中的形态多样性，包括头部形态、翅膀长度和脉序以及雄性生殖器。尽管存在这种多样性，但该科的成员具有以下共同特征：1）雄性生殖器胶囊的 phragma 部分发育成硬化的板或有毛的球状裂片（例外：Acrolithus）；2）第一瓣形状相对直；3）第一瓣背侧雕刻与背缘由无雕刻带隔开；4）第一瓣背侧雕刻模式为斑状，斑分离或仅略微重叠，或粒状；5）第一瓣有明显限定的腹侧雕刻区域；6）第二瓣无背齿。在该科中，确定了两个主要的分支，并且得到了强烈的支持，由（Bonamus，Tenucephalus）和（Hecalocorica，（Hecullus，（Acrolithus，（Ackbaria，（Aequcephalus，Dietrichana，Virganana，Clorindaia，Faltala（Kramerana，Paraclorindaia））））组成。系统发育表明，在后一个分支中，短翅的进化是逐步的，始于 Hecullus 和 Acrolithus 中雌性的亚短翅进化，最终在单系的“Faltala 组”的八个属中出现完全短翅的雄性和雌性。假设从森林栖息地向开放或草原栖息地的转变促进了短翅的进化。对 Faltalini 的八个物种和其他三个 Deltocephalinae 的后胸结构进行了扫描电子显微镜（SEM）成像。简要回顾了 Cicadellidae 和其他昆虫中的短翅，并根据这里提出的假设进行了讨论。
