Higher Future Institute for Specialized Technological Studies, Cairo, Egypt.
College of Business and Administration, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Sep;28(35):48222-48235. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13733-9. Epub 2021 Apr 27.
Despite the importance of remittance inflows as potential source of incomes for recipient households and one of main contributors to the development process in various developing countries, their environmental effects have been largely neglected in empirical literature. To fill this gap, the current study proposes an extension of the conventional environmental Kuznets curve by performing a modified version based on remittance inflows in both low- and middle-income countries from 1980 to 2014. Using the novel method of moments quantile regression with fixed effect, the outcomes provide evidence of an inverted N-shaped Kuznets curve for remittances at higher carbon dioxide emitters in lower middle-income countries, proving that remittances allow recipient households to shift toward clean energy pattern (production/consumption). We find U-shaped curve for remittances from the 40th to 80th quantiles in upper middle-income countries along with monotonic negative effect on carbon dioxide emissions at highest quantiles (90th and 95th). No significant effect on environment has been outlined at lower carbon dioxide emitters for all panels. Regarding economic growth, an inverted N-shaped curve has been observed across all quantiles in upper middle-income countries and from lower to middle quantiles in low-income countries. Finally, financial development, as control variable, exerts significant mixed effect on carbon dioxide emissions, swung between positive at all quantiles in low- and upper middle-income countries and negative at lower quantiles in low-income countries. Some recommendations were further built in the present study.
尽管汇款流入作为接收家庭收入的潜在来源之一，也是许多发展中国家发展进程的主要贡献者之一，但它们对环境的影响在实证文献中基本上被忽视了。为了填补这一空白，本研究通过在低和中等收入国家的汇款流入的基础上进行修正版本，对传统的环境库兹涅茨曲线进行了扩展。使用带有固定效应的新矩分位数回归方法，结果为在较低收入中等收入国家中较高的二氧化碳排放者中，汇款呈现倒 N 形库兹涅茨曲线提供了证据，证明汇款使接收家庭能够转向清洁能源模式（生产/消费）。我们发现，在上中等收入国家，汇款在第 40 到 80 分位数之间呈现 U 形曲线，而在最高分位数（第 90 和第 95 分位数）上对二氧化碳排放有单调负效应。在所有面板中，在较低的二氧化碳排放者中，汇款对环境没有显著影响。关于经济增长，在上中等收入国家的所有分位数以及在低收入国家的较低到中等分位数中，都观察到了倒 N 形曲线。最后，作为控制变量的金融发展对二氧化碳排放产生了显著的混合影响，在低和上中等收入国家的所有分位数上为正，在低收入国家的较低分位数上为负。本研究还提出了一些建议。
