Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Waste Manag Res. 2021 May;39(5):690-702. doi: 10.1177/0734242X211013412. Epub 2021 Apr 28.
The extended producer responsibility (EPR) has been adopted in many countries throughout the world to give producers responsibility to manage their products until the post-consumer stage. On many occasions in developing countries, the system is mostly implemented for electronic waste. However, with the rising concern on the marine plastic issue, developing countries, including those in Asia, have started to apply EPR for package and container waste. In practice, developing countries show significant differences in their EPR implementation compared with developed ones due to contrasting conditions of several factors, including social, economic and technology. This article aims to explore the challenges of developing countries to apply EPR as well as determine possible measures to overcome the challenges. Results show that applying EPR system for plastic waste in developing countries faces many challenges, such as the existence of a market-based collection system of recyclables, high transportation cost, lack of waste collection services in rural areas, a limited number of facilities to manage certain types of plastic waste, insufficient pollution control and free riding and orphan products. The challenges, furthermore, can be minimised by differentiating the responsibility of producers, focusing on rural and remote areas, involving informal sectors, creating joint facilities in recycling parks, expanding waste management collection services, increasing the use of EPR and minimising free riding.
生产者延伸责任（EPR）已在世界许多国家采用，以使生产者负责管理其产品直至消费后阶段。在许多发展中国家，该制度主要针对电子废物实施。然而，随着人们对海洋塑料问题的日益关注，包括亚洲在内的发展中国家已开始对包装和容器废物实施 EPR。在实践中，由于社会、经济和技术等多方面因素的条件截然不同，发展中国家在实施 EPR 方面与发达国家存在显著差异。本文旨在探讨发展中国家应用 EPR 所面临的挑战，并确定克服这些挑战的可能措施。结果表明，在发展中国家应用塑料废物 EPR 系统面临许多挑战，例如存在基于市场的可回收物收集系统、高运输成本、农村地区缺乏废物收集服务、管理某些类型塑料废物的设施数量有限、污染控制不足以及搭便车和孤儿产品问题。通过区分生产者的责任、关注农村和偏远地区、让非正规部门参与、在回收园区创建联合设施、扩大废物管理收集服务、增加 EPR 的使用以及减少搭便车行为，可以最大限度地减少这些挑战。
