Gamperl Moritz, Singer John, Thuro Kurosch
Chair of Engineering Geology, Technical University of Munich, 82024 Munich, Germany.
AlpGeorisk, 85716 Unterschleißheim, Germany.
Sensors (Basel). 2021 Apr 8;21(8):2609. doi: 10.3390/s21082609.
Worldwide, cities with mountainous areas struggle with an increasing landslide risk as a consequence of global warming and population growth, especially in low-income informal settlements. Landslide Early Warning Systems (LEWS) are an effective measure to quickly reduce these risks until long-term risk mitigation measures can be realized. To date however, LEWS have only rarely been implemented in informal settlements due to their high costs and complex operation. Based on modern Internet of Things (IoT) technologies such as micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors and the LoRa (Long Range) communication protocol, the Inform@Risk research project is developing a cost-effective geosensor network specifically designed for use in a LEWS for informal settlements. It is currently being implemented in an informal settlement in the outskirts of Medellin, Colombia for the first time. The system, whose hardware and firmware is open source and can be replicated freely, consists of versatile LoRa sensor nodes which have a set of MEMS sensors (e.g., tilt sensor) on board and can be connected to various different sensors including a newly developed low cost subsurface sensor probe for the detection of ground movements and groundwater level measurements. Complemented with further innovative measurement systems such as the Continuous Shear Monitor (CSM) and a flexible data management and analysis system, the newly developed LEWS offers a good benefit-cost ratio and in the future can hopefully find application in other parts of the world.
在全球范围内，由于全球变暖和人口增长，山区城市面临着日益增加的山体滑坡风险，尤其是在低收入的非正式住区。滑坡早期预警系统（LEWS）是一种有效的措施，可在实现长期风险缓解措施之前迅速降低这些风险。然而，迄今为止，由于成本高昂且操作复杂，LEWS在非正式住区中很少得到实施。基于微机电系统（MEMS）传感器和LoRa（长距离）通信协议等现代物联网（IoT）技术，Inform@Risk研究项目正在开发一种经济高效的地理传感器网络，专门设计用于非正式住区的滑坡早期预警系统。该系统目前首次在哥伦比亚麦德林郊区的一个非正式住区实施。该系统的硬件和固件是开源的，可以免费复制，它由多功能的LoRa传感器节点组成，这些节点板载有一组MEMS传感器（如倾斜传感器），并且可以连接到各种不同的传感器，包括新开发的用于检测地面运动和地下水位测量的低成本地下传感器探头。新开发的滑坡早期预警系统辅以连续剪切监测仪（CSM）等进一步的创新测量系统以及灵活的数据管理和分析系统，具有良好的成本效益比，有望在世界其他地区得到应用。
