Kurmus Halenur, Mohajerani Abbas, Grist Stephen
School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
Materials (Basel). 2021 Apr 18;14(8):2032. doi: 10.3390/ma14082032.
Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most common littered waste in the world and may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the incomplete combustion of tobacco during burning. Therefore, to investigate the potential PAH residual remaining in fired clay bricks (FCBs) incorporating CBs and examine the environmental impact of utilizing toxic waste in the production of FCBs, a comprehensive PAH extraction analysis was conducted. The Soxhlet extraction method was utilized to conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of sixteen toxic Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in FCB samples incorporating CBs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of the mean total (Σ)PAHs for FCBs incorporating 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% CBs by weight (wt) were found to be 0.183, 0.180, 0.242, 0.234, and 0.463 µg/mL. As expected, PAHs with higher water solubility and volatility, naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and chrysene were found at higher concentrations compared to lipophilic PAHs. The ΣPAH concentrations for all five FCB-CB mixes were well below the EPA Victoria solid waste hazard categorization threshold for industrial waste. Moreover, the samples were studied for their carbon content using the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) analyzer and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results confirm an almost 100% combustion process of CBs during the firing process. A content less than 0.3% suggests that all carbon within the FCB-CB mixture relatively disappeared during the firing process up to 1050 °C. However, further research regarding the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the production of FCBs incorporating CBs should be conducted.
烟头是世界上最常见的乱扔垃圾，可能含有烟草燃烧过程中不完全燃烧产生的多环芳烃（PAHs）。因此，为了研究掺入烟头的烧制粘土砖（FCBs）中潜在的PAH残留，并考察在FCBs生产中利用有毒废物对环境的影响，进行了全面的PAH提取分析。采用索氏提取法，利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对掺入烟头的FCB样品中的16种有毒环境保护局（EPA）多环芳烃进行定性和定量分析。发现按重量（wt）掺入0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%和2%烟头的FCBs的平均总（Σ）PAHs浓度分别为0.183、0.180、0.242、0.234和0.463μg/mL。正如预期的那样，与亲脂性PAHs相比，水溶性和挥发性较高的萘、芴、蒽、芘、荧蒽和 Chrysene的浓度更高。所有五种FCB-烟头混合物的ΣPAH浓度均远低于EPA维多利亚州工业废物固体废物危害分类阈值。此外，使用碳、氢、氮和硫（CHNS）分析仪和热重分析（TGA）对样品的碳含量进行了研究。结果证实，在烧制过程中烟头几乎100%燃烧。含量低于0.3%表明，在高达1050℃的烧制过程中，FCB-烟头混合物中的所有碳相对消失。然而，应进一步研究掺入烟头的FCBs生产过程中挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的排放情况。
