Shamim Nimat, Thomsen Edwin C, Viswanathan Vilayanur V, Reed David M, Sprenkle Vincent L, Li Guosheng
Battery Materials & System Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
Materials (Basel). 2021 Apr 28;14(9):2280. doi: 10.3390/ma14092280.
With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7-71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).
随着近期大规模储能应用对可靠、长循环寿命和安全电池技术的需求迅速增长，一种基于ZEBRA电池化学的电池模块在削峰填谷 duty 循环中的应用得到了广泛评估。首先，该模块在一个由充电过程（工厂默认）和 40 A 电流的放电过程组成的全容量循环下进行测试。电池能量效率（放电与充电）约为 90%，整体能量效率为 80.9%，其中包括用于运行电池管理系统电子设备和自热以维持模块工作温度（265°C）的辅助功率。一般来说，由于削峰填谷 duty 循环中存在的保持时间内自热增加，与全容量 duty 循环相比，削峰填谷 duty 循环的整体模块效率略有下降（70.7 - 71.8%）。在 6 小时的削峰填谷 duty 循环中，整体能量效率从 7.5 kWh 能量利用率时的 71.8% 提高到 8.5 kWh 时的 74.1%。我们在 6 小时、7.5 kWh 能量利用率的削峰填谷 duty 循环下对该模块进行了长期循环测试，该模块在 150 个循环（>150 天）中表现出 0.0046%/循环的容量退化率。
