Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
Adv Healthc Mater. 2021 Sep;10(17):e2100194. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100194. Epub 2021 Apr 30.
The global cost of diabetes care exceeds $1 trillion each year with more than $327 billion being spent in the United States alone. Despite some of the advances in diabetes care including continuous glucose monitoring systems and insulin pumps, the technology associated with managing diabetes has largely remained unchanged over the past several decades. With the rise of wearable electronics and novel functional materials, the field is well-poised for the next generation of closed-loop diabetes care. Wearable glucose sensors implanted within diverse platforms including skin or on-tooth tattoos, skin-mounted patches, eyeglasses, contact lenses, fabrics, mouthguards, and pacifiers have enabled noninvasive, unobtrusive, and real-time analysis of glucose excursions in ambulatory care settings. These wearable glucose sensors can be integrated with implantable drug delivery systems, including an insulin pump, glucose responsive insulin release implant, and islets transplantation, to form self-regulating closed-loop systems. This review article encompasses the emerging trends and latest innovations of wearable glucose monitoring and implantable insulin delivery technologies for diabetes management with a focus on their advanced materials and construction. Perspectives on the current unmet challenges of these strategies are also discussed to motivate future technological development toward improved patient care in diabetes management.
全球每年用于糖尿病护理的费用超过 1 万亿美元，仅在美国就花费了超过 3270 亿美元。尽管糖尿病护理方面取得了一些进展，包括连续血糖监测系统和胰岛素泵，但过去几十年来，管理糖尿病的技术基本没有变化。随着可穿戴电子产品和新型功能材料的兴起，该领域为下一代闭环糖尿病护理做好了充分准备。可植入不同平台（包括皮肤或牙贴）、皮肤贴片、眼镜、隐形眼镜、织物、牙套和奶嘴内的可穿戴葡萄糖传感器，实现了非侵入性、无干扰和实时分析动态血糖。这些可穿戴葡萄糖传感器可以与可植入药物输送系统（包括胰岛素泵、葡萄糖响应型胰岛素释放植入物和胰岛移植）集成，形成自我调节的闭环系统。本文综述了可穿戴葡萄糖监测和可植入胰岛素输送技术在糖尿病管理方面的新兴趋势和最新创新，重点介绍了它们的先进材料和结构。还讨论了这些策略目前未满足的挑战的观点，以激励未来的技术发展，从而改善糖尿病管理中的患者护理。
